cell organelles

includes cell surface membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, vesicle, lysosomes, ribosomes, cell wall and vacuole

what are the organelles in a eukaryotic cell super-structure?

cell surface membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicle, ribosomes, cell wall and vacuole

what are the features of the nucleus?

nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleoplasm, chromosomes/chromatin and the nucleolus

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum

define eukaryotes

cells that contain membrane bound organelles and have a distinct nucleus

what organisms are eukaryotes?

animals, plants, fungi and protoctisa

define prokaryotes

cells that do not contain membrane bound organelles

which organisms are prokaryotes?

unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and cynobacteria

what does the cell surface membrane do?

controls the entry and exit of substances to and from the cell

what is the cell surface membrane made up of?

phospholids (phospholid bilayer), proteins (transport), cholesterol (strength/stability/structure), glycolipids (recognition/attachment/structure) and glycoproteins (recognition/attachment)

what does the cytoplasm do?

it is the site of many chemical reactions and contains organelles

what is the cytoplasm and what is it made of?

a jelly-like substance composed mostly of water

what does the nucleus contain?

genetic material (DNA)

what does the nucleus do?

it controls cell activities and produces mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis

explain the structure of the nuclear envelope

it is a double membrane with the other membrane joined to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. often has ribosomes on the surface

what does the nuclear pore do?

allows the passage of molecules, e.g. mRNA, out of the nucleus

what is the nucleoplasm?

a jelly-like substance making up most of the nucleus

what are chromosomes?

long molecules of DNA associated with proteins called histones

what is a chromatin?

a single strand of chromosomes

what is the nucleolus?

a dark, spherical region in the centre of the nucleoplasm. sometimes there is more than one

what does the nucleolus do?

contains RNA and assembles ribosomes from RNA and protein

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

a 3D system of membranous flattened sacs (cisternae) and tubes that is joined the the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum

it is usually joined to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, and has ribosomes on its surface. it has a large surface area for protein and glycoprotein synthesis

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

it is a pathway for proteins to be transported around the cell

describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

it is tubular and doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

it synthesises, transports and stores lipids and carbohydrates

what do the mitochondria do?

it is the site of aerobic respiration, and contains DNA and ribosomes to synthesis proteins

describe the structure of a mitochondrion

it has a double membrane (phospholid bilayer), of which the inner membrane is folded into structures called cristae

what is the matrix?

the fluid filled centre of a mitochondrion

what do chloroplasts do?

they are the site of photosynthesis

describe the structure of a chloroplast

it has a double membrane (envelope)