HAN 402 Reproductive System

Q: What are common imaging modalities for evaluating the female reproductive system?

Abdominal radiograph, sonography, hysterosalpingogram, MRI pelvis, mammography

What are the primary sex organs of the female reproductive system?

• ovaries

What are the secondary sex organs of the female reproductive system?

• uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vulva, breasts

What is the function of the uterus?

support & nurture growing fetus

What is a pessary device?

• provides support to vaginal tissues displaced by pelvic organ prolapse

what is the function of the fallopian tubes?

• transport eggs from ovaries to uterus

• where fertilization can occur

What is the function of the ovaries?

• produce eggs

• produce sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

How do breasts change with age?

• involution (shrinkage)

What is mastalgia?

pain or discomfort in the breasts

What is a hysterosalpingography?

• x-ray used to examine the uterus & fallopian tubes

• assess for blockages & abnormalities, like infertility evaluations

• can be therapeutic b/c contrast dye can clear minor bloackages

What is a sonohysterography (SHG)?

• ultrasound to look at inside the uterus w/ injection of saline

• could replace hysterosalingography b/c it is better at diagnosing

Q: What is a bicornuate uterus?

A congenital abnormality where the uterus has two horns

Q: What is a unicornuate uterus?

A congenital anomaly where the uterus is only half-formed

Q: What is the most common imaging for fibroid masses in the pelvis?

MRI pelvis

What is sonography used for?

• main imaging for reproductive system

• transabdominal or transvaginal

• can also diagnose breast masses

How is MRI used in the female reproductive system?

• used w/ sonography

• differentiation between malignant & benign tumors in breast

• screening for family history or BRCA oncogene

Q: What is the primary imaging method for evaluating breast tissue?

Mammography

What is mammography?

• breast screening w/ symptomatic patients

• needle localization

What is the Eklund manuever

mammography modification for breast implants

When is CT used in female reproductive system?

• in conjunction with transvaginal sonography for ovarian lesions

• staging of reproductive cancers

When is a CT used in male reproductive system?

• anomalies of seminal vesicles & prostate

• CT & PET fusion imaging

What is uterus didelphys?

rare anomaly with serious complications associated w/ reproduction

What is the uterine position?

retroflexed & anteflexed

Q: What are the main disease categories of the female reproductive system?

Infections, hormonal disorders, tumors, and pregnancy-related disorders

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

• infection of female reproductive organs

• gonococcus, mix of infections, staph

• sonography is used for this

• symptoms: lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever

What is mastitis?

• inflammation of breast tissue b/c of infection

• occurs with lactation

• treated w/ antibiotics

• mammography has limited role

Ovarian cystic masses

• common in women of reproductive age

• follicular cysts (solitary)

• corpus luteum cysts (solitary)

• sonography, MRI, CT of pelvis

How is endometriosis diagnosed?

• with laparoscopy

Q: What are common inflammatory diseases of the female genital tract?

Genital herpes, HPV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

Q: What hormonal condition is associated with endometrial hyperplasia?

Hyperestrinism

What is PCOS?

• Stein-Leventhal syndrome

• hormonal disorder w/ irregular periods, ovarian cysts, to much androgens

• multiple cysts

What is endometriosis?

Foci of endometrium found outside the uterus

often located on ovary & pelvic peritoneum

symptoms: pain, infertility

What is the 8th most common cancer in females and 5th leading cause of death?

• ovarian cancer

What are the risk factors of ovarian cancer?

• late childbearing or nulliparity

• delayed menopause

• family history

• BRCA

• XY gonadal dysgenesis

Q: What are the types of hormonally induced endometrial hyperplasia?

Cystic, adenomatous (simple, complex, with atypia)

Q: What is the most common benign tumor of the uterus?

Leiomyoma (fibroid)

Q: What is the most common malignant tumor of the endometrium?

Adenocarcinoma

Q: What are key features of endometriosis?

Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus; causes pain and infertility

Q: What are common ovarian cysts?

Follicular cyst, corpus luteum cyst, dermoid cyst, polycystic ovaries

Q: What is the most common germ cell tumor of the ovary?

Teratoma (usually benign)

Q: What is a Krukenberg tumor?

Metastatic tumor to the ovary, often from stomach or intestinal adenocarcinoma

Q: What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Pregnancy where the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube

Q: What are major placental pathologies?

Placenta previa, placenta accreta, placental abruption

Q: What is preeclampsia?

Pregnancy complication marked by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria

Q: What is eclampsia?

Preeclampsia with added seizures

Q: What is a hydatidiform mole?

Abnormal pregnancy with overgrowth of placental tissue; may become choriocarcinoma

Q: What is choriocarcinoma?

A malignant trophoblastic tumor that may follow a molar pregnancy, abortion, or normal pregnancy

Q: What is fibrocystic breast change?

Benign condition with fibrosis, cysts, and sclerosing adenosis

Q: What is a fibroadenoma?

Benign, well-encapsulated breast tumor common in women under 35

Q: What is the most common malignant tumor in women?

Carcinoma of the breast

Q: What are risk factors for breast cancer?

Female sex, family history, BRCA mutations, age, hormone exposure, prior cancers

Q: What are common clinical signs of breast cancer?

Mass, nipple retraction, discharge, pain, skin changes, mammographic finding

Q: What is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer?

Tumor stage at diagnosis

Q: What are inflammatory diseases of the male genital tract?

Genital herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis

Q: What are the three stages of syphilis?

Primary (chancre), secondary (rash and systemic spread), tertiary (CNS and cardiovascular damage)

Q: What is the most common testicular cancer?

Germ cell tumors (e.g., seminoma, NSGCT)

Q: What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate common in older men

Q: What is the most common cancer of internal organs in men?

Prostate carcinoma

Q: What is a seminoma?

A slow-growing germ cell tumor of the testis, usually radiosensitive

Q: What is a teratocarcinoma?

A malignant mixed germ cell tumor that may secrete tumor markers (AFP, hCG)

Q: What are common causes of testicular masses besides tumors?

Torsion, epididymitis, hydrocele, spermatocele

Q: What is cervical cancer most strongly linked to?

Human papillomavirus (HPV), especially types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39

Q: What test is used for early detection of cervical cancer?

Pap smear

Q: What is the most common benign tumor of the uterus?

Leiomyoma (fibroid)

Q: What is adenocarcinoma of the endometrium?

The most common uterine cancer, linked to hormonal changes and endometrial hyperplasia

Q: What are fibrocystic breast changes?

Benign breast condition with cysts and fibrosis; diagnosed with sonography

Q: What is the most common benign breast tumor?

Fibroadenoma; estrogen-sensitive and found in younger women

Q: What is the second leading cause of cancer death in women?

Breast cancer

Q: What quadrant are most breast cancers found in?

Upper outer quadrant

Q: What are in situ breast cancers?

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

Q: What is inflammatory breast cancer?

Aggressive form with skin thickening and “peau d’orange” appearance

Q: What are common imaging tools for breast cancer diagnosis?

Mammography, ultrasound, MRI, PET-CT

Q: What are pregnancy-related disorders detectable via ultrasound?

Ectopic pregnancy, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, placenta previa, abruption, accreta, hydatidiform mole

Q: What is a hydatidiform mole?

Abnormal pregnancy with overgrowth of placental tissue; may become choriocarcinoma

Q: What is placenta previa?

Placenta covering the cervical os; detected with ultrasound

Q: What are the main glands of the male reproductive system?

Testes, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate gland

Q: What are the ducts of the male reproductive system?

Epididymides, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra

Q: What imaging is used for evaluating male reproductive organs?

Sonography, MRI, CT, intravenous urography, urethrography

Q: What is cryptorchidism?

Undescended testicle; increased risk of malignancy

Q: What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate common in older men; diagnosed by exam, PSA, and imaging

Q: What is prostate adenocarcinoma?

Most common cancer in elderly men; testosterone-dependent; staged A–D

Q: How is prostate cancer staged and diagnosed?

Physical exam, PSA, MRI/CT; bone scan with Tc-99m

Q: What are common benign testicular masses?

Hydrocele, spermatocele, epididymitis, torsion

Q: What are common malignant testicular tumors?

Seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma

Q: What is the most common testicular cancer?

Seminoma – good prognosis and radiosensitive

Q: What testicular cancer has the worst prognosis?

Choriocarcinoma – very aggressive with poor survival

Q: What is gynecomastia?

Benign breast tissue enlargement in males, often bilateral