05.03 Egypt Part Two

Flashcards for vocabulary review.

Queen Hatshepsut

First major female monarch in recorded history.

Hatshepsut

Declared herself pharaoh, defying traditional gender roles.

Hatshepsut

Portrayed herself as male in sculptures to solidify power.

Hatshepsut

Known for using propaganda on monuments to legitimize her rule.

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahri)

Location: Near Luxor, Egypt; Date: ca. 1473–1458 B.C.E.

Architectural Features of Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple

Three colonnaded terraces connected by straight, axial ramps, bilateral symmetry, and proportional balance.

Purpose of Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple

Designed to honor her ka (spirit), not to serve as a tomb.

Temple of Ramses II (Abu Simbel)

Date: ca. 1279–1213 B.C.E.; Material: Sandstone

Temple of Ramses II

Features four colossal seated statues of Ramses II.

Temple of Amun-Re (Karnak)

Location: Karnak, near Luxor; Started: c. 1550 B.C.E.

Pylon

Monumental trapezoidal entrance with inscriptions.

Peristyle Court

Semi-public space with surrounding columns.

Hypostyle Hall

Vast space with tall columns, decorated with hieroglyphs.

Sanctuary

Innermost, sacred room for the deity's statue.

Clerestory Windows

Elevated central roof with openings for light.

Amarna Period

Reign of Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten (ca. 1353–1335 B.C.E.).

Akhenaten's Religious Changes

Religious shift to monotheism—worship of Aten, the sun disk.

Amarna Art Style

Naturalistic, elongated, and androgynous features.

Old Kingdom Art

Rigid, idealized forms (canon of proportions); eternal, timeless qualities.

Middle Kingdom Art

Increased realism; Emphasis on burden of leadership, introspection.

New Kingdom Art

Monumental scale, idealized but more dynamic and propagandistic; Use of symbolism to convey divine rule.

Amarna Period Art

Radically naturalistic and expressive; Rejection of idealized perfection in favor of realism and spiritual philosophy.

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters

Shows Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their daughters in a relaxed, domestic scene.

Aten (Sun Disk)

Only god worshiped under Akhenaten.

Queen Tiye Portrait

Observed signs of age—sagging skin, wrinkles, pursed lips—demonstrating realism.

Bust of Nefertiti

Represents idealized beauty—high cheekbones, long neck, smooth features.

Smenkhkare and Meritaten

Informal pose: Smenkhkare leans on a sta ; Meritaten holds flowers; curved bodies, potbellies, long necks.

Tutankhamun

Became pharaoh after Amarna period; minor ruler, but significant due to tomb discovery; represents a return to traditional art with some lingering naturalism.

Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter in the Valley of the Kings; only unplundered royal tomb.

Death Mask of Tutankhamun

Youthful, rounded face reflects Amarna naturalism, but still idealized; wears nemes headdress, false beard, and royal cobra.

Book of the Dead

Illustrated scroll showing spirit's journey through the underworld.