Cell Adaptation Injury, Pathophysiology and Death

Stress

Affects normal cell function

General Adaptation Syndrome

A theory that describes the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress, involving three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Alarm

The initial stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body reacts to stress with a fight-or-flight response, increasing physiological arousal and mobilizing resources to confront the perceived threat.

Resistance

The second stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome where the body attempts to adapt to stressors by activating the stress response systems.

Exhaustion

The final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, occurring when the body's resources are depleted after prolonged exposure to stress, leading to decreased function and increased vulnerability to illness.

Disease

A condition that disrupts normal bodily functions, often characterized by particular signs and symptoms. Diseases can be caused by various factors including infections, genetic mutations, or environmental influences.

Objective signs and symptoms

Can be quantified and measured

Subjective symptomes

cannot be measured

Pathophysiology

The study of disease processes that change the normal structure and function of the human body.

Etiology

The investigation of the causes or origins of diseases, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Intrinsic factors

related to the internal characteristics of an organism that may influence disease development.

Extrinsic factors

related to external elements such as environmental influences, lifestyle choices, and socio-economic conditions that may affect disease development.

Idiopathic

referring to a disease or condition with no known cause or underlying etiology.

Epidemiology

the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations, including the distribution and determinants of health-related states.

Incidence

#of new cases in a population at risk during a specific time

Prevalence

#of cases of a disease/current population.

Morbidity

Effects of disease has on person’s life. Looks at the persistence of a disease and the long-term consequences.

Mortality

The death causinng ability of a disease

Clinical notes

-Patient demo

-Chief complaint

-History of present illness

-Past med history

-Drug allergies

-Current meds

-Fam history

-Personal/social history

-Review of systems

Infectious disease

Caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can be transmitted between individuals.

Degenerative disease

A condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of tissues or organs, often due to aging or lifestyle factors.

Neoplasia

The process of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth, which can result in the formation of tumors, either benign or malignant.

Immune disorders

A group of conditions in which the immune system does not function properly, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases, or allergies.

Metabolic disorders

Caused by lack of enzymes or hormonal imbalances, leading to abnormal chemical reactions in the body.

Malnutriton

A condition resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients, causing various physiological effects and health issues.

Hormonal disorders

Conditions arising from hormone imbalances, affecting bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and mood.

Mental and emotional disorders

A variety of conditions that affect a person's mood, thinking, and behavior, often leading to distress and impairment in daily functioning.

Cellular Adaptations

Physiological changes that enable cells to cope with stressors or alterations in their environment, which can help maintain homeostasis.

Atrophy

A decrease in cell size or number resulting from reduced workload, decreased function, or loss of innervation, often leading to a decline in tissue mass. It causes inactivity, denervation, or inadequate nutrition.

Hypertrophy

An increase in cell size due to increased workload or stimulation, often leading to an enlargement of the affected tissue or organ. Causes increase in workload and excessive hormonal stim.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, often in response to increased demand or hormonal stimulation, leading to tissue enlargement.

Metaplasia

A reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another, often in response to chronic irritation or injury. This adaptation can alter tissue function and increase the risk of malignant transformation.

Dyplasia

An abnormal development or growth of tissues or cells, often marked by alterations in size, shape, and organization. Dysplasia can be a precursor to cancer and is commonly associated with chronic irritation or inflammation.

Anaplasia

A condition where cells lose their differentiation and structural organization, often associated with malignancy and aggressive tumor behavior.

Intracellular Accumulations

The abnormal buildup of substances within cells due to metabolic disturbances. These accumulations can be normal cellular components or exogenous materials, leading to cell injury or dysfunction.

Neoplasms

Abnormal tissue growths, which can be benign or malignant, resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Neoplasms are often associated with cancer and can disrupt normal tissue function.

Mechanical Cellular Injury

Crushing forces applied to cells, leading to cell damage or death.

Thermal Cellular Injury

Burns, freezing, and fevers

Toxic exposure

to harmful substances or toxins, leading to cellular damage or dysfunction.

Changes in pH

Acidosis and Alkalosis can disrupt cellular function and lead to injury.

Radiation

Exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation that can damage cellular structures and DNA, potentially leading to cell death or mutations.

Biochem Changes

Hard to see or detect , biochemical alterations that occur at the cellular level due to various stressors or injuries.

Morphological Changes

Can be seen under microscopy, including alterations in cell size, shape, and organization due to injury or disease.

Hydropic Changes

A form of cellular swelling resulting from the failure of ion pumps, leading to an accumulation of water within the cell.

Fatty changes

A reversible cellular injury characterized by the accumulation of lipids within the cytoplasm, often due to metabolic disturbances.

Regeneration

The process by which damaged tissues or organs are repaired or replaced by new tissue, often involving activation of stem cells or proliferation of existing cells. Restores normal functions

Fibrosis

is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative response to injury, leading to tissue scarring and loss of function. Does not restore to normal function.

Necrosis

is the uncontrolled death of cells or tissues due to injury, infection, or lack of blood supply, leading to inflammation and loss of function.

Apoptosis

is a programmed cell death mechanism that occurs in a controlled manner, allowing for the removal of damaged or undesired cells without causing inflammation or harm to surrounding tissues.

Phosphatidylserine

is a phospholipid component of cell membranes that plays a key role in cell signaling, particularly during apoptosis, by marking cells for phagocytosis. Normally hidden within plasma membrane.

Liquefaction necrosis

is a type of necrosis where cellular tissue becomes transformed into a liquid viscous mass, often due to bacterial infection or ischemia, leading to the formation of pus.

Coagulative necrosis

is a type of necrosis characterized by the preservation of the tissue architecture while the cellular details are lost. It typically occurs in response to ischemia or infarction, often affecting solid organs like the heart.

Fat necrosis

is a form of necrosis that occurs in adipose tissue, often resulting from trauma or pancreatitis, characterized by the presence of necrotic fat cells and inflammatory response.

Caseous Necrosis

is a type of necrosis associated with tuberculosis infection, characterized by the appearance of cheese-like (caseous) necrotic tissue, where the normal architecture is lost, and the area becomes a central necrotic core surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory response.

Infarction

is the process of tissue death due to a lack of blood supply, often caused by obstruction of blood vessels. It leads to necrosis and can affect various organs depending on the site of the blockage.

Dry Gangrene

is a type of gangrene that occurs due to the loss of blood supply and typically affects the extremities, leading to tissue death characterized by dry, shriveled, and often blackened skin.

Wet gangrene

is a type of gangrene that results from bacterial infection and moisture, leading to the rapid decay of tissue and the presence of pus. It typically affects limbs and can spread quickly, posing a serious health risk.

Gas gangrene

is a severe form of gangrene caused by bacterial infection, particularly by Clostridium species. It is characterized by the presence of gas in tissues, rapid tissue death, and can lead to systemic toxicity.

After effects of necrosis

Loss of function, infection, inflammation, fever, leaking of cell enzymes into blood, Somatic death, replacement of functional tissue with scar tissue, CPK, LDH.

Pathologic Calcification

is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues, which can occur in living or dead tissues. It can lead to impaired function and is classified as dystrophic or metastatic calcification.

Dystrophic or necrotic calcification

occurs in damaged or necrotic tissues, often in the absence of systemic hypercalcemia. It is commonly seen in areas of previous injury or inflammatory processes.

Metastatic Calcification

refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissues that occurs due to elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). It can affect various organs and disrupt their normal function.

Stone Formation

is the process where minerals and organic substances aggregate to form solid concretions or masses, often occurring in organs like the kidneys or gallbladder.

Somatic death

is the cessation of all vital functions, including breathing and circulation, leading to the irreversible loss of all physiological functions.

Autolysis

is the self-digestion or breakdown of cells and tissues in the body after death, caused by the action of enzymes produced by the cells themselves.

Putrefaction

is the decomposition of organic matter by the action of bacteria, resulting in the breakdown of tissues and the production of foul-smelling gases.