Heritage in Pharmacy

First Apothecary

• The art of the apothecary

• Knowledge of drugs and disease meant “power”

• Apothecary combined with priestly functions

Ebers papyrus

• Discovered by Georg Ebers

• MT 800 formulas

• MT 700 drugs Botanical

Egyptians

Commonly used mortar, and pestles, hand mills, sieves, and balances in their compounding of suppositories, gargles, pills, inhalations, troches, lotions, ointments, plasters, and enemas.

Hippocrates

• Father of Medicine

• Introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicine

• Hippocratic oath of ethical behavior for the healing professions

Dioscorides

• Botany in Pharmacy

• De Materia Medica

• Opium, Ergot, Hyoscyamus

Claudius Galen

• Credited with 500 treaties on medicine & some 250 others on philosophy, law, & grammar

• Medical writings – descriptions of numerous drugs of natural origin with a profusion of drug formulas and methods of compounding

Pharmacy separated from medicine in 1240 AD

• Decree of Emperor Frederick II of Germany

• Pharmacists – obliged to prepare reliable drugs of uniform quality

Paracelsus

• Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

• Transformation of profession based primarily on botanical science to one based on chemical science

Karl Wilhelm Scheele

• Lactic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, arsenic acid

• Identified glycerin

• New method of preparing calomel, benzoic acid

• Discovered oxygen a year before Priestley

Friedrich Serturner

Isolated morphine from opium

Joseph Caventou & Joseph Pelletier

• Isolated quinine & cinchonine from cinchona

• Isolated strychnine and brucine from nuxvomica

Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet

Isolated caffeine

Pierre Robiquet

Isolated codeine from opium

American drugs before 19th century

• Imported from Europe

• Revolutionary War changed all this

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

• 1821

• Nation’s 1st school of pharmacy

U.S. Pharmacopeia

• 1820

• Created to establish drug standards