AP Human Chapter 1 Test

Acculturation

Assimilation of a different culture, typically the dominant one

Agricultural Density

_____ measures the number of farmers specifically on each unit of farmland. This means people who work the earth on specific plots of land that are used for this. It may still measure by kilometer, but it only measures kilometers of farmable land.

Assimilation

the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society.

Bar Line

A graphic scale usually consists of a ____ ____ marked to show distance on Earth's surface.

Base Lines

An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

Built Environment

Human geographers often refer to the ______, by which they mean the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape. Buildings, roads, signs, and fences are examples of the ________.

Cartogram

The sizes of countries are shown according to a specific variable. Area is distorted to show a variable.

Cartography

the science or practice of drawing maps.

Choropleth map

It uses various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data.

Climatic Regions

Developed by Vladimir Köppen, Humid low latitude climates, Dry Climates, Warm mid latitude climates, Cold mid latitude climates, Polar Climates, Undifferentiated Highlands.

Clustered

Phenomena are arranged in a group or concentrated area such as restaurants in a food court at a mall.

Community-based solutions

It's a collaborative process sometimes referred to as human-centered design, which is exactly what it sounds like: Putting people at the center of both identifying key problems and developing, testing, and implementing new approaches that will work best for them.

Concentration

The extent of a feature's spread over space.

Conical

A map projection that shows the surface in the form of a cone, in which medians are perpendicular to every parallel is a concentric circle

Contagious Diffusion

the process of an idea being spread rapidly throughout the population; all places and individuals in the region are affected

Cultural ecology

is the relationship between culture and the environment, dealing with human adaptations to various environments.

Cylindrical

A map projection that shows the earth's surface in the form of a cylinder, in which meridians and parallels are straight lines.

Demography

the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

Density

the number of things—which could be people, animals, plants, or objects—in a certain area.

Dispersed

Phenomena are spread out over a large area, such as the distribution of large malls in a city.

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Distribution

It is the way a phenomenon is spread out over an area. Some areas might have a cluster or concentration of something that is sparse in other areas.

Dot density map

Each dot represents a specified quantity of a spatial characteristic.

Environmental Determinism

The belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development is called _______. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, some people used_________ to argue that people in some climates were superior to those of other climates.

Formal Regions

These are sometimes called uniform regions, or homogeneous regions, and are united by one or more traits:

Fractional Scale

indicates that one unit (inch, centimeter, football field or pitch, etc.) on the map represents the second number of that same unit on Earth.

Fuller Projection

A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions - north, south, east, and west - no longer have any meaning.

Geographic Information System

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Geometric

Phenomena are in a regular arrangement, such as the squares or blocks formed by roads in the Midwest,

Geomorphology

the study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures.

Geovisualization

It allows people to zoom in or out to see the data in ways that were previously impossible.

Global Positioning System

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Graphic Scale

a bar marked off like a ruler with labels outlining the distances the segments represent.

Greenwich Mean Time

Also known as Coordinated Universal Time(UTC), it is the time zone at the prime meridian.

Ground Truthing

the information provided by direct observation—usually at the level of the literal ground, the surface of the Earth—in relation to maps, models, and remote sensing technologies.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate

Hierarchical Diffusion

when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals.

International Date Line

An imaginary line on the Earth's surface that is internationally agreed upon as the place where each new calendar day begins.

Interruption

The spaces found in the hemispheres on a map

Isoline Map

Use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space. Used for weather and elevation.

Koppen System

divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar).

Land Use

The study of how land is utilized. modified, and organized by people is the essence of _____ ______.

Latitude

It is the distance north or south of the equator

Location

The position of anything on Earths surface.

Longitude

It measures distance east or west of the prime meridian. They are also called meridians, are imaginary lines that divide the Earth. They run north to south from pole to pole, but they measure the distance east or west. It is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

Mental Map

______ ___ are a mix of objective knowledge and subjective perceptions: precise knowledge about the location of geographic features as well as impressions of places, rough estimates of size and location, and a general sense of the connections between places.

Mercator Projection

shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, and the map is rectangular. it is, however, greatly distorted at the poles

Mid Latitudes

All land between 30º N and 60ºN and 30º S and 60º S.

Natural Resources

The term includes items that occur in the natural environment that people can use. Examples usually include air, water, oil, fish, soil, and minerals.

Nodal Region

These regions are organized around a focal point and are defined by an activity, usually political, social, or economic, that occurs across the region. Functional or _________ regions are united by networks of communication, transportation, and other interactions:

Non-renewable Resources

are limited and can be exhausted by human uses. They include fossil fuels. petroleum, natural gas, coal...

Parallels

Lines of latitude, imaginary lines that divide the Earth that run east to west, but measure your distance north/south. Equator is an example of a parallel.

Pattern

general arrangement of things

Peters projection

spatial distributions related to area, land mass are accurate, but land shapes are wrong

Planar/azimuthal

type of map projection that projects geographic data onto a plane. usually tangent to the globe at one point, but may also be secant. The point of contact may be the North Pole, the South Pole, a point on the equator, or any point in between.

Possibilism

a view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays

Prime Meridian

a imaginary line drawn pole to pole through Greenwich, England Designated as 0 degrees

Projection

way to show the Earth's curved surface on a two-dimensional plane, such as a piece of paper or a digital screen. Because the Earth is not flat, map projections can introduce distortions in area, shape, distance, direction, or scale.

Proportional symbol map

thematic maps in which the size or number of a chosen symbol indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region.

Qualitative Data

collected as interviews, photographs, remote satellite images, descriptions, or cartoons and It's not usually represented by numbers

Quantitative data

Anything that can be measured & recorded using numbers

Random

A pattern with no specific order

Reference map

general information/navigation/location. Political, physical, road, plat map

Regional analysis

the study of a specific region or area, with the goal of understanding its characteristics and patterns. This can involve examining the physical, social, economic, and cultural factors that shape the region and the way it functions

Relocation diffusion

occurs when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them. Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc.

Remote sensing

The use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites to collect digital images or videos of the earth's surface

Renewable resources

Unlimited natural resources and will not be depleted based on use by people. Sun wind, water ect.

Resources

substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use. For example, land is a resource used to grow crops to eat and to sell.

Robinson

General use, no major distortions, oval shape, Area, shape, size, and direction are all slightly distorted

Scale

the ratio between the size of things in the real world and the map

Scales of analysis

level of detail or scope at which various phenomena are studied. It helps geographers understand and interpret complex relationships between people and their environments. Examples include global, national, regional, and local

Site

described as the characteristics at the immediate location soil type, climate, labor force, and human structure

Situation

the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places

Space-time compression

The shrinking "time-distance," or relative distance, between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication

Spatial analysis

process of studying places and features on Earth's surface. It involves examining, assessing, evaluating, and modeling spatial data features such as locations, attributes, and their relationships. help explain human behavior patterns in geographic space.

Spatial association

matching patterns of distribution. Indicated that two(or more) phenomena may be related or associated with one another

Spatial distribution

refers to how resources, activities, and human demographic features of landscapes are arranged across the earth.

Spatial diffusion

spread of human culture over areas. It's the process by which behavior or characteristics of the landscape change as a result of what happens elsewhere earlier.

Sustainability

Overarching theme of human geography and relates to trying to use resources now in ways that allow their use in the future while minimizing negative effects on the envi.

Syncretism

how cultures blend to create a new culture. It occurs when two cultures come into contact and share their customs, traditions, and beliefs. The result is a new culture with its own unique features.

Thematic map

​​Spatial aspects of info of phenomenon. communicate information about a place

Topographic map

Popular among hikers, a type of isoline map, It shows elevation which is it's distinctive trait

Topography

elevation and changes in elevation of a region.

Toponym

place names/location's name

Townships

square parcel of land that is usually 6 miles on a side.

Transnational corporations

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Tropic of cancer

imaginary line that circles the Earth at a latitude of 23 degrees north of the equator.

Tropic of capricorn

imaginary line that circles the Earth at 23.5 degrees south of the equator.

Tropical zone

uniformly warm throughout the year, very humid rainforest climate, heavy precipitation

Uneven development

increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions. It results from the unequal patterns of growth and decline that emerge under capitalism.

Written scale

relationship between map and Earth distances in words. For example, "1 inch equals 1 mile" on a map means that one inch on the map represents one mile on Earth's surface. The first number always refers to map distance, and the second to distance on Earth's surface.