heat

Particle Theory of Matter

Explains the behavior and properties of all substances based on the concept that all matter is made of tiny particles.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of an object that is in motion, defined by the formula K.E.=1/2mv².

Potential Energy

Stored energy based on an object's position or chemical state, defined by the formula P.E.=mgh.

Thermal Energy

The total kinetic energy of all the particles in a substance.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules; examples include food and batteries.

Radiant Energy

Energy that travels in electromagnetic waves, such as light and radio waves.

Electrical Energy

Energy resulting from the movement of electrons.

Nuclear Energy

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.

Temperature (T)

A measurement of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Heat (Q)

The transfer of energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature.

Conduction

The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between particles.

Convection

The transfer of thermal energy through the movement of fluids (liquids and gases).

Radiation

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

Melting

The phase change from solid to liquid, which absorbs heat.

Freezing

The phase change from liquid to solid, which releases heat.

Vaporization

The phase change from liquid to gas, which absorbs heat.

Condensation

The phase change from gas to liquid, which releases heat.

Sublimation

The phase change directly from solid to gas, such as dry ice.

Deposition

The phase change directly from gas to solid, such as frost forming.

Phase Changes

Occur when heat is added or removed, causing a reorganization of particles without changing the chemical identity of the substance.

Convection current

The circulation created by warm, less dense fluids rising and cooler, denser fluids sinking.