genetic mutations and genetic enginering

gene mutation

happens during dna replication and causes a change in orignal DNA sequence

point mutations

one nucelotide subistutes for another like sickle cell anemia

frameshift mutations

insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

chromosone mutation

happens during meiosis changing the numbers or location of genes

duplication

changes size of chromosone and results multiple copies of that gene

translocation

non-homologus chromosne exchange segements during crossing over

nondisjunction

chromosones dont seperate correctly making one or three chromosone sets rather than two

genome

organisms complete set of DNA

gene maps

show location of genes on chromosones

restriction enzymes

used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations