cell specialization pt. 2

This set of flashcards covers various specialized cell types and their adaptations, making them suited for their specific functions within the human body.

Cell Specialization

The process by which general cells develop into specific types to perform specialized functions.

Sex Cell

Gametes involved in sexual reproduction, including sperm and egg cells.

Muscle Cell

Cells that make up muscle tissues and are responsible for movement.

Fat Cell

Adipocytes that store energy in the form of fat.

Stem Cell

Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to various cell types.

Epithelial Cell

Cells that form the epithelium, acting as a protective layer for surfaces.

Nervous Cell

Neurons that transmit signals throughout the body.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Cells responsible for transporting respiratory gases, mainly oxygen.

Kidney Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney that maintains water balance and filters waste.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

The longest section of the nephron, adapted for absorption with microvilli.

Type I Pneumocytes

Epithelial cells in alveoli involved in gas exchange, characterized by their thin, flat structure.

Type II Pneumocytes

Cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli that secrete surfactant, preventing collapse.

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Muscle cells unique to the heart that contract rhythmically.

Intercalated Discs

Specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells allowing synchronized contraction.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle attached to bones that facilitates movement.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that carry half the genetic information.

Flagellum

A tail-like structure that provides motility to sperm cells.

Acrosome

A cap-like structure at the head of sperm containing enzymes to penetrate the egg.

Zona Pellucida

A protective jelly coat surrounding the egg that prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing.