AP Biology: Unit 2.1 AP Exam review

What is the structure and function of the ribosome?

A ribosome has two subparts, one large subunit and one small subunit. A ribosome functions to synthesize proteins using messenger RNA

How does the structure of a ribosome aid in its function?

Because ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA it aids in its ability to read mRNA. because of its structure it can take in the mRNA and read it to synthesize proteins

What are the three types of RNA involved in the structure and function of the ribosome?

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

How does a ribosome demonstrate common ancestry of all known life?

Ribosomes demonstrate a common ancestry of all known life because ribosomes are found in every organism, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Ribosomes are vital for existence of organisms because ribosomes produce the necessary proteins every organism needs

What is the structure and function of the rough ER?

The rough ER is a network of membrane tubes with ribosomes attached to the outside. The Rough ER packages newly synthesized proteins for export within or out of the cell.

How does the structure of the rough ER aid in its function?

The ribosomes attached to the outside of the rough ER create the proteins that are then packaged by the rough ER.

What is the structure and function of the smooth ER?

The smooth ER is a network of membrane tubes that does not have ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.

How does the structure of the smooth ER aid in its function?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum comprises tube-like structure located near the cell periphery. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to storage of key enzymes.

What is the relationship between the ribosomes and the rough ER?

The ribosomes on the rough ER synthesize the proteins packaged by the rough ER.

What is the structure and function of the Golgi?

The Golgi is a membranous highly folded sac. The golgi takes in newly synthesized proteins, modifies them, then sends them out for export in vesicles.

How does the structure of the Golgi aid in the function?

Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. This allows for key functions such as trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids.

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?

The mitochondria is membrane bound, it has two membranes, the inner and outer. The outer membrane is very smooth, the inner membrane is rough and highly convoluted. The mitochondria produces ATP.

How does the structure of the mitochondria aid in the function?

The inner membrane of mitochondria is rather complex in structure. It has many folds that form a layered structure called cristae, and this helps in increasing the surface area inside the organelle. The cristae and the proteins of the inner membrane aid in the production of ATP molecules.

What is the structure and function of the lysosome?

A lysosome is a membrane bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes. The lysosomes aid in the "digestion" of things like damaged cell parts or macromolecules.

How does the structure of the lysosome aid in the function?

The lysosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that allow it to break down these different things. The lysosomes are also membrane bound which keeps the different reactions separate making them more efficient.

What is the structure of a vacuole?

A vacuole is a membrane bound sac that aids in the storage of water.

What is the function of the food vacuole?

Food vacuole is a membrane-enclosed sac, which has a digestive function. It is present in unicellular protozoans such as amoeba, plasmodium, etc. They work as an intracellular stomach, digesting the ingested food.

What is the function of the central vacuole?

The main function of the central vacuole is to maintain a steady turgor pressure within the cell.

What is the function of the contractile vacuole?

The contractile vacuole (CV) complex is an osmoregulatory organelle of free-living amoebae and protozoa, which controls the intracellular water balance by accumulating and expelling excess water out of the cell, allowing cells to survive under hypotonic stress as in pond water.

What is the structure and function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast has a double outer membrane and is important on the capturing of energy and sun producing sugar

How does the structure of the chloroplast aid in the function?

The Thylakoids in the chloroplast capture the sunlight allowing the chloroplast to produce sugar.