Anatomy and Physiology Review Flashcards: Joints, Cardiovascular System, and Integumentary System

Vocabulary flashcards covering joints, body movement, muscular system, cardiovascular concepts, and skin anatomy based on student lecture workbooks.

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint functional classification.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint functional classification.

Diarthrosis

A freely movable joint functional classification.

Synovial Joint

A freely movable joint structurally characterized by an articular cartilage, a joint capsule, a synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and ligaments.

Flexion

A paired body movement that decreases the angle between bones at a joint.

Abduction

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Moving a limb toward the midline of the body.

Active Range of Motion

Joint range of motion that is performed entirely by the patient's own muscles.

Passive Range of Motion

Joint range of motion that is performed by another person or external force without exertion from the patient's muscles.

Isotonic Contraction

A type of muscle contraction in which the muscle changes length and produces body movement.

Isometric Contraction

A type of muscle contraction in which muscle tension increases without a change in muscle length or body movement.

Synergist

A muscle that assists the prime mover at a joint to produce a specific action.

Antagonist

A muscle that opposes or reverses the movement of a prime mover at a joint.

Origin

The point of muscle attachment to the stationary bone.

Insertion

The point of muscle attachment to the bone that moves during contraction.

Muscle Atrophy

The reduction in size and weakness of muscle tissue resulting from immobility or disuse.

Anemia

A clinical condition characterized by a low red blood cell count, leading to fatigue and shortness of breath.

Erythrocyte

A red blood cell whose primary function is oxygen delivery throughout the circulatory system.

Pulmonary Circulation

The circulatory pathway carrying blood between the heart and lungs, where pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Mitral Valve

The heart valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle that prevents backflow into the left atrium.

Epidermis

The outermost, protective layer of the skin.

Dermis

The structural layer of skin located directly beneath the epidermis, containing hair follicles and glands.

Hypodermis

The deepest layer of the skin located beneath the dermis.

Keratinization

The process by which epidermal cells fill with keratin protein and die to form a protective outer skin layer.

Melanin

The primary pigment that determines skin color, produced by melanocyte cells.

Sebaceous Gland

An oil-secreting gland in the skin attached to hair follicles.

Eccrine Gland

A widespread sweat gland critical for thermoregulation and cooling the body.

Skin Turgor

The skin's elasticity assessed by pinching; a slow return after release indicates dehydration.