western civ

direct government

a type of government in which the citizens made the big decisions of government directly themselves, not indirectly through representatives (citizens vote)

indirect government

a system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who work on their behalf (citizens elect representatives to vote for them)

republican

a person advocating or supporting republican government.

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

aristocracy

the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Oglicarchy

A government ruled by a small group of people

Solon's reforms

cancel debts, income tax, more men could hold public office, and make enslavement for debt illegal.

Cleisthenes' Reforms

all citizens could propose laws; 10 classes based on geography and not wealth; Council of Five Hundred

city state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.

pre socratic

Greek philosophy that existed before socrates

thales

"Father of Philosophy". Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water, and that earth floated in water.

sophist

a paid teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greece, associated in popular thought with moral skepticism and specious(seeming reasonable but is wrong) reasoning

faith v. reason

faith is spiritual and belief and reason is logic. they complement each other, and they don't contradict each other.

boundless theory

theory that energy cannot be created or destroyed

anaximander

created the boundless theory

post and lintel

a structure consisting of vertical beams (posts) supporting a horizontal beam (lintel), usually with spaces between each post

entableture

a horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice. (the table top to the building. enTABLEture)

pyhtagoras

believed the world could be explained by using numbers

democritus

Greek philosopher that believed invisible particles were floating around and when they came together they would create objects. ( matter is made of particles )

arche

the root of something a philosopher is studying. the first idea that was studied/ the beginning

plato

Student of Socrates who also wrote a lot about him. believed happiness was the highest thing we could aim for.

allegory of the cave

a story about people who were kept as prisoners, and only knew a life of pictures on a screen. One escaped and was able to learn what real life was like outside of the cave, and he even learned the language. he went back to tell the other prisoners and save them, but they rejected the truth and killed him for it.

socratic method

learning by asking questions (by socrates)

architectural orders

doric, ionic, corinthian

ionic order

(second) recognizable through its columns. the volutes in this order were shaped like scrolls or swirls.

doric order

(first) the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base

corinthian

(third) the most intricate and detailed architectural style that had volutes that looked like plants/ fruits.

parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. it was on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece

archaic period

(1st)the period of artistic development in Greece from about 650 to 480 bc.

geometric period

(2nd)the formative period of Greek art. characterized by abstract and stylized motifs in ancient Greek vase painting and sculpture.

classical period

(3rd) many realistic and detailed sculptures came out of this period of art. The expressions become more strict looking.

hellinistic period

(4th)lots more pottery, and the Greeks were limited in color. the expressions grew more exaggerated, and art came to be defined by everyday things.

ideal-form

plato's theory that the physical world is not as real or true as timeless, absolute, unchangeable ideas.

kouros

A kouros is a statue of a standing nude youth that did not represent any one individual youth but the idea of youth. Used in Archaic Greece as both a dedication to the gods in sanctuaries and as a grave monument.

bell idol

a sculpture of a bell-shaped woman

architecture has political power

Architecture therefore demonstrates power through the depiction of a leader's control over a community, his ability to organize and mobilize them; it shows his power as a leader.

dipteral

a double row of columns

frieze

stone 3d sculpture on a surface (in metopes, entableture, pediment, etc )

metope

a square space between triglyphs in a Doric frieze.

triglyph

a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes (on the outsides of metopes)

capitol

the head of a column

stylobate

a continuous base supporting a row of columns in classical Greek architecture.

flute

carved part of columns

dental

above the entableture (look like teeth)

volute

A spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the ancient Greek Ionic period.

pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture