Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do

Instincts

An innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is believed to be universal throughout a species

Drive Reduction Theory

Drive becomes stronger when motivated to reduce it

Drive

An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need

Need

A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate of reduce deprivation

Homeostasis

The body’s tendency to maintain equilibrium

Primary Drives

Biological (unlearned) drives

Ex: food and water

Secondary Drives

Learned drives

Ex: money

Optimum Arousal Theory

An individual's performance on a task will improve as their arousal level increases, but only up to a certain point

• People perform better at a moderate amount of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

Opponent Process theory

We trigger emotion by suppressing another, each emotion has an opposite and you cant feel both at the same time

Incentives

stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning

Leptin

decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism

Lateral Hypothalamus

involved in stimulating eating (hunger)

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating

Set Point Theory

the weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight

Obesity

Having too much body fat

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which an individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

From the bottom up, the needs Maslow advances in this theory are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

Self-actualization

The process of fully developing personal potentials

Highest and most elusive of Maslow’s needs

• motivation to develop ones full potential as a human being

• only possible when other needs on a hierarchy are met

• most never get here (stop at self esteem)

Achievement Motivation/Self-Determination Theory

Asserts that there are three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy

Self-efficiency

Belief that you have the competence to accomplish a given goal or task

Intrinsic Motivation

Internal factors such as organismic needs

Extrinsic Motivation

Involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments

Over Justification Effect

Intrinsic motivation decreases over time if we receive extrinsic rewards for the same thing

Management Theory

Theory X: Managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment

Theory Y: Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive

Approach Approach Conflicts

Involves two positive options, only one of which you have

Avoidance Avoidance Conflict

Involves two negative options, one of which you must choose

Approach Avoidance Conflict

Involves whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequence

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment

• Emotion occurs after physiological reactions

• Stumulus →res

Cannon-Bard Theory of Evolution

Proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

Two Factor Theory of Emotion (Stanley Schachter + Jerome Singer)

Emotion is determined by two factors: physiological response and cognivtive labels or interpretations

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Hans Selye: Describes the general response animals have to stressful events:

1. Alarm reaction: heart rate increases, blood toward muscles and away from extremities (sympathetic)

2. Resistance: remain physiologically ready, hormones are released to maintain this state until depleted

3. Exhaustion: the parasympathetic nervous system returns us to normal (more vulnerable to disease)

Six emotions

• Happiness

• Sadness

• Fear

• Anger

• Surprise

• Disgust

Stress

Transient: temporary challenge

Chronic: constant