Chapt 11 combined

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Last updated 6:12 PM on 7/22/26
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27 Terms

1
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Which of the following factors contributes to obesity the MOST?

gender

genetics

smoking

age

genetics

2
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In an individual who is at rest, which of these tissues will expend the LEAST amount of energy per gram?

liver

brain

skeletal muscle

kidneys

skeletal muscle

3
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In the last few decades, the rapid rise in the prevalence of obesity is largely attributed to:

the rising rate of type 2 diabetes.

changing environmental factors.

an aging population.

genetic changes.

changing environmental factors

4
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If you decrease your energy expenditure by 300 kcal per day, how many fewer kilocalories would you need to eat to stay in energy balance?

300

400

450

150

300

5
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Which two factors are MOST responsible for the rapid rise in the prevalence of obesity that has occurred in the last few decades?

genetics and behaviors

genetics and hormones

environment and behaviors

hormones and environment

environment and behaviors

6
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Variations in basal metabolism from person to person are accounted for by individual differences in:

duration of physical activity.

fat-free mass (FFM).

intensity of physical activity.

the amount of protein consumed.

fat-free mass (FFM)

7
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Fat secretes hormones that can cause low-grade chronic:

weight loss.

hunger.

illness.

inflammation.

inflammation

8
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Estimate the total daily energy expenditure of an average, sedentary 165-pound American man without using an involved equation.

Four steps are involved in determining the Estimated Energy Requirement (E E R). The first step is titled, Estimate your physical activity level. A table titled Physical Activity Factors shows the following data: Sedentary: Male: 1.0; Female: 1.0; Physical Activity: Typical daily living activities. Low active: Male: 1.11; Female: 1.12; Physical Activity: Typical daily living activities plus 30–60 minutes moderate activity (Equivalent to walking approximately 2 to 3 miles daily). A callout pointing to the phrase moderate activity reads, Moderate activity is the equivalent of walking at 3 to 4 m p h. Active: Male: 1.25; Female: 1.27; Physical Activity: Typical daily living activities plus greater than or equal to 60 minutes moderate activity (Equivalent to walking approximately 4 to 6 miles daily). Very active: Male: 1.48; Female: 1.45; Physical Activity: Typical daily living activities plus greater than or equal to 60 minutes moderate activity, plus an additional 60 minutes of vigorous, or 120 minutes of moderate, activity (Equivalent to walking approximately 10 to 20 miles daily). Step 2 reads, Convert your body weight in pounds to kilograms by dividing by 2.2. Step 3 reads, Convert your height in inches to meters by multiplying by 2.54 (to convert to centimeters) and then dividing by 100 to convert to meters. Step 4 reads, Enter your values into the appropriate equation below. For men 19 years and older: EER equals (662 minus (9.53 times age)) plus P A times (15.91 times weight, kg) plus (539.6 times height, m). For women 19 years and older: EER equals (354 minus (6.91 times age)) + P A times (9.36 times weight, kg) plus (726 times height, m). EXAMPLE: For a 20-year-old woman who is 67 inches in height, weighs 143 pounds, and engages in 45 minutes of moderate physical activity per day in addition to normal activities of daily living: One. P A factor equals 1.12. Two. 143 pounds over 2.2 equals 65 kilograms. Three. 67 inches times 2.54 over 100 equals 1.7 meters. Four. E E R equals (354 − (6.91 x 20)) plus 1.12 times (9.36 times 65) plus (726 times 1.7). This equals (354 minus (138.82)) plus 1.12 times (608.4) plus 1234.2. This equals 215.18 plus 681.14 plus 1234.2, which equals 2130.78 kilo calories per day. A photo beside this shows a woman sitting on a mat wearing headphones and using a smartphone.

3000 kcal

1800 kcal

4000 kcal

2500 kcal

3,000

9
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A reasonable estimate of BMR for a man with a normal body weight of 176 lb (80 kg) is about _____ kcal.

1800

1600

1920

1760

1920

10
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A team of scientists is researching how the composition of a meal affects the amount of food consumed at a meal. What specific process are they studying?

taste preferences

hunger

appetite

satiation

satiation

11
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In agreement with the laws of thermodynamics, what happens to excess energy that we consume?

The excess energy is destroyed.

Our BMR will decrease.

The excess energy is stored as fat.

The excess energy is excreted in urine.

The excess energy is stored as fat.

12
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A man reduces his calorie intake to 1600 kcal per day, and maintains that level of intake for the duration of his low-calorie diet. After a few months on his calorie-restricted diet, he notices that he lost less weight during the fifth month of his diet than he did during the second month. What is the best explanation for this change in the rate of weight loss?

He has decreased the amount of time he spends being physically active.

A lighter body has a lower BMR and expends less energy when moving.

Less of his weight loss is from water losses during the fifth month.

After dieting for several months, his NEAT has decreased.

A lighter body has a lower BMR and expends less energy when moving.

13
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In addition of the activities of daily living, what is the minimum level of physical activity that is required to be considered "very active"?

60 minutes of moderate physical activity daily

180 minutes of moderate physical activity daily

60 minutes of vigorous physical activity daily

60 minutes of moderate physical activity and 30 minutes of vigorous physical activity daily

180 minutes of moderate physical activity daily

14
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Which method of determining body composition calculates body fat percentage from an estimate of total body water content?

The first photo shows a person undergoing a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Text reads, The differential absorption of x-rays of two different energy levels are used to calculate bone mineral mass, lean soft-tissue mass, and fat mass. It is fairly accurate but the results are influenced by hydration status and the person's body shape. Also, the tables cannot accommodate those who are severely obese. The second photo shows an overweight person using a device to measure the depth of skinfold. Text reads, Skinfold Thickness: Calipers are used to measure the skinfold thickness at multiple sites, and these measurements are used to estimate body fat. Because this method only measures fat that is just beneath the skin it underestimates body fat content in those with abdominal obesity. It is also inaccurate in those who are either very lean or very obese. The third photo shows a man in a pod-like container. Text reads, Air Displacement: The amount of air displaced from the test chamber when it is occupied by the subject is used to determine the person's body volume, and this is used to calculate body density. From body density, body composition can be estimated. Accuracy is fairly good. The fourth photo shows a woman holding a device at arm's length. The device has control buttons and readout. Text reads, Bioelectrical Impedance: This method exploits the fact that tissues conduct a current differently depending largely upon their water content. Because adipose tissue contains little water, current flows poorly through it. Those with a high percent of body fat will have low total body water and display a higher level of resistance (or impedance). This technique is moderately accurate. The hydration level of the subject will significantly alter the results, and bioelectrical impedance poorly predicts fat content in severely obese subjects. The fifth photo shows a man on an underwater weighing scale. Text reads, Underwater Weighing (Hydrodensitometry): Fat is less dense and therefore more buoyant in water than is muscle. The density of the body is calculated from the difference in the person's body weight on land from that while completely submerged (after exhaling all the air possible from their lungs). This method is not suitable for children, the elderly, or disabled individuals. Accuracy is fairly good but depends on the ability to exhale all air from the lungs.

air displacement

skinfold thickness

underwater weighing

bioelectrical impedance

bioelectrical impedance

15
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What is defined as the capacity to do work?

energy

16
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What is is defined as the energy required to raise 1 gram (g) of water 1° Celsius (C)?

calorie

17
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1 kcal is equal to ___ calories.

1,000 calories

18
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What is defined as the energy required to raise 1 kilogram (kg) of water 1°C?

kilocalorie

19
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What are two types of fat, or adipose tissue?

white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)

20
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What does white adipose tissue (WAT) do? Brown adipose tissue (BAT)??

WAT stores excess energy in the form of fatty acids in triglycerides and releases those fatty acids……BAT burns fatty acids and glucose to produce heat by a process called nonshivering thermogenesis (heat production).

21
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When we hungry, our stomach begins to grumble. That grumbling is a hormone called ____.

ghrelin

22
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Ghrelin is a 28 ______ hormone that is produced primarily in the stomach.

28–amino acid peptide

23
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Satiation v.s. Satiety

-is the process that leads to the termination of a meal and refers to the sense of fullness that we feel while eating

-is the “do I wanna snack” it operates in between meals and affects when we feel hungry again

24
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What two factors affect satiety?

gastric distention (how much our stomach has expanded to take in food) &

the release of hormones (determining fullness)

25
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____ is a hormone that helps supress appetite

leptin

26
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Hunger v.s Appetite

-biological impulse that drives us to seek out food and consume it to meet our energy needs.

-liking and wanting of food for reasons other than, or in addition to, hunger (sensory stimuli & pleasure of eatn it)

27
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