Christianity final

Cardinal Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros

Reform of religious houses to make them more consistent with their vows of poverty

Created the university of Alcala

Directed scholars to work on Polyglot bibles

New Religious orders

Theatines in 1524

Ursulines in 1535

Jesuits in 1540

Congregation of the mission in 1625

“polyglot Bibles”

editions of the Bible that present the text in multiple languages side-by-side

allowing for comparative study and deeper understanding of the scriptures

significant for their scholarly and technical achievements, as well as their contributions to religious devotion and biblical scholarship

Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians)

Catholic society of apostolic life founded by St. Vincent de Paul in 1625

preach the Gospel, serve the poor, and form clergy

bring the light of the Gospel to the world, seeing the face of Christ in the poor, the lonely, and the forgotten

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the society of Jesuits

Trained as a knight and was shaped by military background

Authored the spiritual exercises

The society was made an official order by Pope Paul III

Ignatius served as the father general

New branches of existing religious orders

Capuchins-> a reform branch of the Franciscan order

Discalced Carmelites

Capuchins

sought to return to the original ideals of St. Francis of Assisi

To live a life of poverty, simplicity, and humility

emphasize a life of prayer, penance, and service

Discalced Carmelites

To live a life of prayer, contemplation, and service, following the Carmelite charism

known for their contemplative life, dedication to prayer, and devotion to the Virgin Mary

deeply rooted in the teachings of St. Teresa of Ávila and St. John of the Cross

Pre-Tridentine Reforms of Pope Paul III

Appointment of reformers to the college of cardinals

Appointed a reform commission to recommend changes

Papal office became too secular and less focus on wealth

Cardinals needed to be less infatuated with power and wealth

Abuses such as the selling of church offices and indulgences needed to stop

Reasons for delay in convening the Council of Trent

ongoing political clashes between major European powers

fears about who would control the council

Popes such as Leo X and Clement VII showed little interest in substantial reform

Council of Trent

convened in response to the Protestant Reformation and aimed to address doctrinal and reform issues within the Church

Led by Pope Paul III

helped consolidate the Church's teachings, reformed clerical practices, and strengthened the Church's position against Protestantism

Council’s arguments about justification

Distinction between justification and salvation

Person justified by faith, faith is a gift, faith is first stage in salvation

Person can increase in justness through faith united ti good works

Faith cannot be lost but can be denied

Council’s position on Scripture and Sacraments

Stated that scripture and unwritten tradition are important

The Vulgate declared to be the only authoritative translation of the bible

Number of sacraments set at seven

Developed notion of sacramentals->religious objects that counter spiritual benefits but not at the same efficacy as the seven sacraments

Other reforms of the Council

Abolition of the sale of indulgences

Bishops given power of supervision in their dioceses

Simony and and nepotism were abolished

Penalties were imposed for blasphemy and violation of celibacy

Luxurious dress replaced with clerical dress

Breviary reformed and more prayers and scriptures were added

Education of clergy and laity

Roman catechism