Respiration

Respiration

The process by which the body takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide, contributing to the regulation of pH levels in the blood.

Inspiration

The process of taking air into the lungs, facilitated by the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

Expiration

The process of expelling air from the lungs, usually involving the relaxation of respiratory muscles and decrease in thoracic volume.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle, typically 400-500 ml in healthy adults.

Hyperventilation

An increased depth and rate of breathing which may lead to decreased H+ concentration and an alkaline shift in blood pH.

Hypoventilation

A reduced depth and rate of breathing characterized by increased CO2 concentration in the blood and an acidic shift in pH.

Respiratory Cycle

The complete process of one inhalation and one exhalation, regulated by the respiratory centers in the medulla and pons.

Respiratory Rate

The frequency of breathing, measured in cycles per minute, with an average resting rate of 12-14 cycles/minute for adults.

Spirometry

A method used to measure the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during breathing, used to assess lung function.

Breath Gas Analysis

A technique used to analyze the composition of exhaled air, particularly the concentrations of O2 and CO2.