C9 - Crude Oil and Fuels

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41 Terms

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A Hydrocarbon

compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

<p>compounds composed of <b>only carbon and hydrogen</b></p>
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How Crude Oil is Formed

- plankton from thousands of years ago absorbs energy from the sun
- the plankton dies but doesn't decay as it's in the sea
- it is deposited to the sea floor
- over the years, sedimentary rock builds up and buries it
- over millions of years, heat and pressure builds up on the rock
- a "soup" of vegetation is made as water is squeezed up
- the plankton is eventually turned into crude oil

<p>- <b>plankton from thousands of years ago</b> absorbs energy from the sun <br>- the plankton <b>dies but doesn't decay</b> as it's in the <b>sea</b><br>- it is <b>deposited to the sea floor</b><br>- over the years, <b>sedimentary rock builds up and buries it</b><br>- over millions of years, <b>heat and pressure builds up</b> on the rock<br>- a "soup" of vegetation is made as water is <b>squeezed up</b><br>- the plankton is eventually turned into crude oil</p>
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Crude Oil

a mixture of different hydrocarbons that are wrapped up as a liquid

<p>a mixture of different <b>hydrocarbons</b> that are wrapped up as a liquid</p>
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1 Carbon

meth

<p>meth</p>
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2 Carbons

eth

<p>eth</p>
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3 Carbons

prop

<p>prop</p>
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4 Carbon

but

<p>but</p>
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5 Carbons

pent

<p>pent</p>
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Distillation

- heat
- evaporate
- cool
- condense

<p>- heat<br>- evaporate<br>- cool<br>- condense</p>
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Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

- there's different length hydrocarbon chains in crude oil
- all have different boiling points
- this means that they can be separated

<p>- there's <b>different length hydrocarbon chains in crude oil</b><br>- all have <b>different boiling points</b><br>- this means that they can be separated</p>
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How Crude Oil is Distilled

- the mixture of crude oil is heated to 37C
- all the substances in the mixture evaporate and turn into gas
- the gases are injected into a column and begins to rise
- the column is hot at the bottom and cold at the top
- the gases with the shortest chains/ lowest boiling point condense at the top and are extracted
- the gases with the longest chains/ highest boiling points condense near the bottom

<p>- the mixture of crude oil is <b>heated</b> to 37C<br>- all the substances in the mixture <b>evaporate</b> and turn into gas<br>- the gases are injected into a <b>column</b> and begins to <b>rise</b><br>- the column is <b>hot at the bottom</b> and <b>cold at the top</b> <br>- the gases with the <b>shortest chains/ lowest boiling</b> point <b>condense</b> at the <b>top</b> and are <b>extracted</b><br>- the gases with the <b>longest chains/ highest boiling points</b> condense near the <b>bottom</b></p>
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Order of Crude Oil Fractions - Top to Bottom

- methane/natural gas
- octane/gasoline
- kerosene/aviation fuel
- diesel oil
- bitumen/residue

<p>- methane/natural gas <br>- octane/gasoline <br>- kerosene/aviation fuel <br>- diesel oil<br>- bitumen/residue</p>
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Order of Crude Oil Mnemonic

my
obese
kid
died
brutally

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Order of Crude Oil Fractions Characteristics - As Length Increase

- number of carbon & hydrogen atoms/length of chain: low to high/ increase in LengI
- boiling point: low to high/increase in BPI
- viscosity/thickness : low to high/ increase in VisI
- flammability: high to low/ decrease in FlaD
- volatility: high to low/ decrease - in VoD

<p>- number of carbon &amp; hydrogen atoms/<b>length</b> of chain: low to high/ <b>increase</b> in <b>LengI</b><br>- <b>boiling point</b>: low to high/<b>increase</b> in <b>BPI</b><br>- <b>viscosity/thickness</b> : low to high/ <b>increase</b> in <b>VisI</b><br>- <b>flammability</b>: high to low/ <b>decrease</b> in <b>FlaD</b><br>- <b>volatility</b>: high to low/ <b>decrease</b> - in <b>VoD</b></p>
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Uses for Crude Oil

- fuel or petrol for transport: usually short chain as they're flammable
- the petrochemical industry: as feedstock
- new compounds for polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents
- making plastics

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Alkane Formula

CnH2n+2

<p>CnH2n+2</p>
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Fire Combustion Triangle

- fuel
- heat
- oxygen

<p>- fuel<br>- heat<br>- oxygen</p>
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Fire Blanket

removes oxygen

<p>removes oxygen</p>
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CO2 Fire Extinguisher

removes oxygen

<p>removes oxygen</p>
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Water Fire Extinguisher

removes heat

<p>removes heat</p>
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Test for Carbon Dioxide

turns limewater cloudy when bubbled through it

<p>turns <b>limewater cloudy</b> when bubbled through it</p>
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Test for Water

cobalt chloride paper turns from blue to pink

<p><b>cobalt chloride paper</b> turns from <b>blue to pink</b></p>
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Complete Combustion

- occurs when there is plenty/ sufficient amount of oxygen
- propane + oxygen
- produces carbon dioxide and water vapour
- equation: C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

<p>- occurs when there is <b>plenty/ sufficient amount of oxygen</b><br>- propane + oxygen <br>- produces carbon dioxide and water vapour<br>- equation: C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O</p>
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Incomplete Combustion

- occurs when there is not enough/insufficient amount of oxygen
- propane + oxygen
- produces carbon monoxide + water + carbon (as soot)
- C3H8 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O + 1C

<p>- occurs when there is <b>not enough/insufficient amount of oxygen</b><br>- propane + oxygen<br>- produces carbon <b>mon</b>oxide + water + carbon (as soot)<br>- C3H8 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O + 1C</p>
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Fossil Fuels

- coal, oil, natural gas
- burn in oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water
- produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

<p>- coal, oil, natural gas<br>- burn in oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water<br>- produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides</p>
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Carbon Monoxide

- from incomplete combustion
- toxic
- attaches to haemoglobin in red blood cells instead of oxygen
- not enough oxygen for cells to respire

<p>- from incomplete combustion <br>- toxic<br>- attaches to haemoglobin in red blood cells instead of oxygen <br>- not enough oxygen for cells to respire</p>
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Carbon Dioxide

- from combustion of fuel
- contributes to global warming

<p>- from combustion of fuel<br>- contributes to global warming</p>
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Carbon Paticulates

- from incomplete combustion
- global dimming
- lung & brain damage

<p>- from incomplete combustion <br>- global dimming <br>- lung &amp; brain damage</p>
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Sulphur Dioxide

- from fossil fuel combustion
- acid rain
- asthma

<p>- from fossil fuel combustion <br>- acid rain<br>- asthma</p>
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Nitrous Oxide

- from combustion in car engine
- acid rain
- asthma

<p>- from combustion in car engine <br>- acid rain<br>- asthma</p>
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Cracking

- large hydrocarbon molecules can be broken down into smaller molecules
- into alkenes and alkanes
- using a catalyst: using hot powdered aluminium oxide
- or mixing heat with steam
- a thermal decomposition reaction: heating to vaporise

<p>- <b>large hydrocarbon molecules</b> can be <b>broken down</b> into <b>smaller molecules</b><br>- into alkenes and alkanes<br>- using a <b>catalyst</b>: using <b>hot powdered aluminium oxide</b><br>- or mixing heat with <b>steam</b><br>- a <b>thermal decomposition</b> reaction: <b>heating</b> to <b>vaporise</b></p>
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Conditions for Cracking

- high temperature
- high pressure
- a catalyst/steam

<p>- high temperature <br>- high pressure <br>- a catalyst/steam</p>
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Alkenes

- a hydrocarbon
- unsaturated
- contains at least 1 C=C bond
- has a carbon carbon double bond
- is more reactive than alkanes

<p>- a hydrocarbon <br>- <b>un</b>saturated<br>- contains at least 1 C=C bond<br>- has a carbon carbon <b>double</b> bond<br>- is <b>more reactive</b> than alkanes</p>
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Alkenes Formula

CnH2n

<p>CnH2n</p>
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Alkanes

- a hydrocarbon
- saturated
- containing at least one single carbon bond

<p>- a hydrocarbon <br>- saturated <br>- containing at least one <b>single</b> carbon bond</p>
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Saturated

all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds
- no double bonds to break

<p>all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds<br>- <b>no double bonds</b> to break</p>
37
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

- one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double
- can break double carbon bonds
- add to chemicals in a compound

<p>- one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double <br>- can break <b>double carbon</b> bonds <br>- add to chemicals in a compound</p>
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How to Test for Alkenes

- add bromine water
- the alkene should turn from orange to colourless

<p>- add <b>bromine water</b><br>- the <b>alkene</b> should turn from <b>orange to colourless</b></p>
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Thermal Decomposition

- the breaking up of a chemical substance
- into at least two chemical substances
- using heat

<p>- the <b>breaking up</b> of a <b>chemical substance</b><br>- into at least two chemical substances<br>- using heat</p>
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Display Formulas for Alkanes

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Display Formulas for Alkenes

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