Unit 2 Antomy and Physiology MasterSet Practical 1

lacrimal

frontal bone

mandible

inferior nasal concha

temporal bone

temporal bone

occipital bone

parietal bone

frontal bone

sphenoid bone

mandible

squamous suture

coronal suture

lambdoid suture

sagital suture

anterior frontal

frontal suture

lambdoid suture

external acoustic meatus

mastoid region/mastoid process of temporal bone

sphenoid bone

occipital condyle

cervical vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

intervertebral discs

sacrum and sacral curvature/pelvic vertebrae

spinous process on cervical vertebra

body on cervical vertebra

body of thoracic vertebra

transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

spinous vertebra

body of lumbar vertebra

transverse process of lumbar vertebra

spinous process of lumbar vertebra

transverse process of atlas, superior view

spinous process of axis

transverse process of axis

dens/odontoid process of atlas

spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae and curvature

transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

clavicle

sternum

scapula

floating ribs

false ribs

true ribs

xiphoid process

manubrium

costal cartilage of true ribs

costal cartilage of false ribs

costal groove of rib

greater tubercle of humerous

head of humerus, anterior view

trochlea of humerus

ulna

radius

trochlear notch of ulna

olecranon process of ulna

head of ulna

head of radius

neck of radius

styloid process of radius

sacrum

coccyx

pubic symphysis

obturator foramen

patellar surface of femur

head of femur

medial epicondyle of femur

greater trochanter of femur

lateral condyle of femur

tibia

fibula

head of fibula

lateral malleolus

medial malleolus

talus

calcaneus bone

lacrimal bone

zygomatic

maxilla

mandible

palatine

vomer

hyoid

tissue

a group of similar cells and cell products working

together to perform a specific role in an organ

Epithelial tissue

sheet of closely adhering cells, one or

more cells thick, with upper surface exposed to environment

or internal space

• Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities

• Constitutes most glands

• Avascular (does not have blood vessels)

Functions of epithelial tissue

Protection—protect deeper tissues from injury and

infection

• Secretion—produce and release mucus, sweat, enzymes,

hormones, and other substances

• Excretion—void wastes from the tissues

• Absorption—absorb chemicals, such as nutrients

• Filtration—all substances leaving the body are selectively

filtered by an epithelium

• Sensation—nerve endings in epithelia detect stimuli

General structure of epithelia:

Cells close together, small amount of extracellular material

• Avascular—no blood vessels, nourished by underlying

connective tissue

• High rate of mitosis in cells near connective tissue

• Rest on a basement membrane—layer between an

epithelium and underlying connective tissue

• Collagen, glycoproteins, other protein–carbohydrate complexes

• Anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it

Surfaces of epithelial cells:

Basal surface—surface facing the basement membrane

• Apical surface—surface that faces away from the basement

membrane

• Lateral surface—surface between the basal and apical surface,

the “sidewall”

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single row of thin cells

• Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances

• Secretes serous fluid

• Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of square or round cells

• Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement

• Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary

glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single row of tall, narrow cells

• Oval nuclei in basal half of cell

• Brush border of microvilli, sometimes ciliated, may possess goblet cells

• Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus

• Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane

• Nuclei at several layers

• Has cilia and goblet cells

• Secretes and propels mucus

• Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of

dead cells

• Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

• Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface

• Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists

penetration by pathogenic organisms

• Locations: epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Urothelium

Connective tissue

most abundant, widely distributed, and

variable type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than

matrix

Functions of connective tissues

Binding of organs—connect one bone to another,

muscles, to bones, skin to muscle, and hold organs in

place

• Support—support the body and its organs, form internal

framework of organs

• Physical protection—protect, cushion delicate organs

• Immune protection—connective tissue cells attack

foreign invaders