Pathogenesis of Fungal Diseases AA BB CC

TRUE or FALSE

Both bacteria and fungi subvert host's immune system

TRUE

What are transmitted in a specific host/cell population?

Bacteria

What can cross species to cause cells transmission?

Fungi

TRUE or FALSE

Fungi can multiply now and/or later

TRUE

Which T-cells help regulate immune response against fungi?

Th-1 and Th-17

Which T-cells are not effective against fungi?

Th-2

What can recognize carbohydrates in fungi cell walls?

Toll-like receptors (TLC)

Th-2 is only protective against?

Pneumocytis sp.

Who would produce a high level of 17-beta estradiol?

Pregnant women

What species is associated with pregnancy and 17-beta estradiol?

C. immitis

TRUE or FALSE

Cell-mediated response is more effective against fungi compared to humoral response

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

Bacteria multiply within the host

TRUE

Histatins and beta-defensins are examples of?

Host defense peptides

What are factors that permit the active breaching of host defenses that ordinarily restrict invasive growth?

Virulence factors

What species are associated with capsule?

Cryptococcus neoformans

What species are associated with secretory aspartyl proteinase 2?

Candida albicans

What species are associated with WI-1 adhesion?

Blastomyces dermititidis

What species are associated with immuno-resistant outer spore wall?

Coccidioides immitis

What species are associated with molecular mimicry?

C. immitis

What species are associated with urease production?

C. immitis and H. capsulatum

What species are associated with protein kinase c-oxidative burst inhibition in macrophages?

H. capsulatum

What species can survive in macrophages?

H. capsulatum

What species is associated with alternation of yeast cell wall composition?

H. capsulatum

What is associated with alpha 1-3 glycan and changes in carbohydrate linkages?

H. capsulatum

What do not elicit an immune response and is aesthetically displeasing?

Superficial fungal infections

What infections grow on dead skin?

Superficial fungal infections

What species cause pityriasis versicolor?

Malassezia furfur

What disease is described by the following?

- Lipophilic yeast

- "Spaghetti and Meatballs"

- Hypo or Hyper pigmented macules

- No pain or itching

Pityriasis versicolor

TRUE or FALSE

Malassezia species grow on living skin

FALSE

What are small yeast cells that have prominent "collarette" that forms where daughter cells bud?

Malassezia sp.

What species are associated with short hyphal elements seen in skin scraping referred to as "spaghetti and meatballs"?

Malassezia sp.

Dermatomycosis is a _____ fungal infection

cutaneous

What are fungi that require keratin for growth?

Dermatophytes

What causes dermatomycosis?

Tinea (ringworm)

What does tinea capitis affect?

Scalp

What does tinea barbae affect?

Beard

What does tinea unguium affect?

Nail

What does tinea corporis affect?

Body

What does tinea cruris affect?

Groin

What does tinea pedis affect?

Foot

What species causes tinea?

Microsporium, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Candida species

What is the term used to describe infections within the hair shaft?

Endothrix

What is the term used to describe infections around the hair shaft?

Ectothrix

What species cause ectothrix?

Microsporum

What species cause endothrix?

Trichophyton

What species causes infection in the hair, skin, but rarely nails?

Microsporum

What species causes infection in hair, skin, and nails?

Trichophyton

What species causes infection in the skin, nails, but rarely hair?

Epidermophyton

What diseases are caused by common Saprophytes?

Subcutaneous Mycoses

What is known as drinken rose gardener's disease?

Sporotrichosis

What can be fixed cutaneous or lympho-cutaneous?

Sporotrichosis

TRUE or FALSE

Sporothrix schenkii is a dimorphic fungus

TRUE

What infection cause tissue growth and is chronic, suppurative, and tumefaction of the subcutaneous tissues and bone?

Mycetoma

What species causes mycetoma?

Madurella sp., Aspergillus nidulans, Acremonium sp., and Actinomycetes

What forms narrow-based yeast cells in tissue and delicate hyphae with a cluster of conidia at the end of a narrow stalk?

Sporothrix schenckii

What is associated with a flowerette of spore at the end of a narrow stalk?

S. schenckii

S. schenckii can be darkly pigmented, so this fungus is classified as _____ mold

dematiaceous

What subcutaneous infection is associated with dematiaceous sclerotic bodies?

Chromoblastomycosis

Dematiaceous means?

Pigmented

What is associated with development of squamous cell carcinoma?

Chromoblastomycosis

What subcutaneous infection cause chronic, localized, kelodial, or verrucoidal plaques or tumors?

Lobomycosis

What species cause lobomycosis?

Loboa loboi

What infections are inherently virulent?

Sytemic mycoses

TRUE or FALSE

Systemic mycoses can be transmitted between people

FALSE

What are primary pulmonary infections?

Systemic mycoses

TRUE or FALSE

Yeast forms can be transmitted from person to person

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE

All fungi that cause systemic mycoses are dimorphic

TRUE

Fungal Dimorphism

What are the two forms of dimorphic fungi?

Yeasts and molds

What form exists at body temperature?

Yeasts

What form exists at room temperature?

Molds

The dimorphic transition is usually dependent on?

Temperature

TRUE or FALSE

All species of fungi exhibit dimorphism

FALSE

What species cause blastomycosis?

Blastomyces dermatitidis

What is a bone and joint disease that is primary pulmonary with dissemination to skin and bone?

Blastomycosis

In its parasitic phase, it is a large, board-based, budding yeast. What is this species?

Blastomyces dermatitidis

In its saprobic phase, it exhibit septate mycelium and conidia. What is this species?

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Blastomyces dermatitidis is found in _____

soil

Blastomyces dermatitidis is endemic in?

Southeastern US and Ohio-Mississippi River Valley

What immune response is caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis?

TH2 response

TRUE or FALSE

Blastomyces dermatitidis exhibit dermal dimorphism

TRUE

What form of B. dermatitidis will cause a host immune response?

Yeast form

Disseminated blastomycosis spread beyond the _____ to other organs

lungs

What is associated with shedding of WI-1?

Blastomyces dermatitidis

What forms large (8-15 µm) yeast cells in tissue and hyphal forms in culture at ambient temperatures?

B. dermatitidis

What form of B. dermatitidis have a thick cell wall and form a broad base where the daughter cell buds

Yeast form

What form of B. dermatitidis has thin hyphae with numerous small microconidia?

Mold form

What species cause granulomas and is associated with starlings, bats, and chickens?

Histoplasma capsulatum

What is a skin, bone, and joint disease in West Africa?

Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii

In its saprobic phase, it exhibit septate hyphae, microconidia, and tuberculate macroconidia. What is this species?

Histoplasma capsulatum

In its parasitic phase, it exhibit small intracellular budding yeast. What is this species?

Histoplasma capsulatum

What habitat are H. capsulatum found in?

Soil enriched with bird/bat guano

H. capsulatum is endemic in?

Eastern half of US, most of Latin America, parts of Asia, Europe, Middle East

The yeast of this species is ingested by macrophages and survive to proliferate within phagosome. What is this species?

H. capsulatum

H. capsulatum can be found in?

Macrophages

TRUE or FALSE

B. dermatitidis yeasts can remain dormant within macrophages

FALSE

Answer: H. capsulatum

What occurs when H. capsulatum yeast proliferate and kill macrophages?

Release of daughter cells

TRUE or FALSE

H. capsulatum do not exhibit thermal dimorphism

FALSE

H. capsulatum yeasts modulate _____ of phagosome

pH

H. capsulatum is associated with uptake of?

Iron and calcium