AP Psych 2.3 Introduction to Memory

Explicit memory

Recalled with conscious awareness

Episodic memory

Memories specific to our unique personal experiences

Semantic memory

Information we know, including specific facts or conceptual understandings

Prospective memory

Memory of an intent to perform a specific action

Implicit memory

Recalled without conscious awareness

Procedural memory

Knowing how to do something

Classically conditioned responses

Learned associations that evoke emotional or physiological responses

Primed responses

Exposure to one thing unconsciously influences future thoughts or behaviors

Working Memory Model

Sensory --> Working memory --> Long-term memory

How do the aspects of the working memory model interact?

- paying attention to sensory input encodes it to short term/working

- that info can then be encoded into long-term

some sensory info can be auto-processed into long term

- info from long-term memory can be recalled into the short term/working memory

Iconic memory

Brief memory for visual inputs that decays quickly

Echoic memory

Brief memory for auditory inputs that decays quickly, but not as much as Iconic

Short-term memory

Stores information from sensory memory for 15-30 seconds, can store 7±2 items

Working memory (LIRS)

Limited information, temporarily maintained, used for many cognitive tasks

LIRS

Learning, Imagining, Remembering, Solving

Phonological loop

Verbal loop in working memory

Visuospatial sketchpad

Visual input in working memory

Central executive

Governs the phonologica and visuospatial via planning and decision making

Maintenance repetition

Writing something down or saying it over and over again

Effortful processing

Requires conscious effort; active learning needed to encode into long-term memory

Shallow encoding

Leads to harder recall than deep encoding

deep encoding

easier to recall the info than compared to shallow

Structural encoding

Leads to a shorter lasting memory using basic visual qualities

Phonemic encoding

Shallow encoding using basic auditory sound qualities

Semantic encoding

Deep encoding that leads to a longer lasting memory by relating to meanings