Biology 1 Honors Unit 1

Quantitative Data

numbers that are obtained by counting or measuring

Qualitative Data

descriptions that involve characteristics that can’t be counted

Experiment

the procedure used to test the hypothesis

Scientific Method

the series of steps that a scientist used to answer a question or solve problem

Controlled Experiment

an experiment in which only 1 variable changes and all others stay constant

Control Group

the portion of the experiment in which the variable being tested is removed

Independent Variable

the variable that is changed or manipulated by the scientist

Dependent Variable

The measurable result at the end of the lab - occurs b/c of of the independent variable - the factor that changes in response to the manipulating of other factors

Experimental Group

portion of an experiment that shows the effect of the variable being tested

Inference

logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

Theory

explanation that’s supported by considerable evidence

Data

information gathered from making observations

Observation

process of gathering information about events of processes in a careful, orderly way

Hypothesis

a proposed explanation for a particular question or problem

Variables

factors in an experiment that can be changed

Observation

-Description of something you can see, smell, touch, taste or hear (these are FACTS, you use your 5 senses)

-Not an opinion

-Example: The ground is wet.

Inference

-A guess about an object or outcome based on your observations (Putting the facts together. Draw a conclusion based on evidence)

-There may be many conclusions from a single set of observations

-Ex: It rained. OR Someone watered the plants.

Example of Observations vs. Inferences

Observations: It was raining at some point. He’s on the ground. The bike is upside down.

Inferences: He’s hurt. He crashed his bike.

Control Setup

-Normal, everyday situation

-No variable so NOTHING is changed

-Not testing anything here

Experimental Setup

-ALL of the samples that have something changed

-Has an independent variable

-Gives date that we compare to control

Independent Variables - Hypothesis: The amount of sunlight a plant gets during each day affects how much it grows.

IV: Amount of sunlight (You can move the plant from the sun & manipulate the amount of light it gets.)

Dependent Variables - Hypothesis: The amount of sunlight a plant gets during each day affects how much it grows

DV: (what are we measuring) How much the plant grows

Constant - Hypothesis: The amount of sunlight a plant gets during each day affects how much it grows.

Constants: soil, type of plant, same amount of water for each plant

Constant

something that is the same throughout the experiment

Control

something that has nothing done to it so it can be used for comparison. Sometimes control groups are used in experiments

Control - Hypothesis: The amount of sunlight a plant gets during each day affects how much it grows

a plant that is not exposed to sunlight and NOT moved into the sun

Graphing in Science

-Dependent responding Y-axis

-Manipulated Independent (what we control) X-axis

Variable Practice

IV: the amount of light each day

DV: # of eggs the chicken lays

IV: mass of pig

DV: size of litter

All cells contain DNA.

DNA is genetic info required to make PROTEINS

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is housed within a…

NUCLEUS

In prokaryotic cells, the DNA contains free…

CHROMOSOMES within a NUCLEOID

All cells contain ribosomes.

Ribosomes are important b/c they provide a site to make PROTEINS that the DNA codes for.

All cells contain cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm is the INTERIOR of the cell. The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is called CYTOSOL.

All cells have a cell membrane.

The cell membrane regulates WHAT CAN ENTER AND LEAVE THE CELL

All cells have a cytoskeleton.

The cytoskeleton contributes to cell SHAPE & HELPS MOVEMENT WITHIN THE CELL

Prokaryotes

-DON’T have a nucleus

-Nucleoid - a clump of circular DNA

-Evolved approx 5.5 billion yrs ago

-Smaller than eukaryotes (about 5 microns)

-Always unicellular

Diagram of Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotes

-Contain a nucleus

-Ex’s: animal and plant cells, fungi & some protists

-Organelles - little organs

-Larger than prokaryotes (about 10 microns)

-Can by unicellular OR multicellular

Multicellular

-Multicellular organisms are made up of more than one cell

-Ex’s: plants, fungi, animals & algae

-In complex organisms, CELLS are the building blocks of TISSUES & ORGANS

-Have levels of organization

Unicellular

-Unicellular organisms are made up of 1 single cell

-Larges living - bubble algae or sailors eyeballs

-Colony - many unicellular organisms that act & live as one

Levels of organizations (from smallest to largest)

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

The nucleolus is found inside the…

nucleus

The nucleus’ primary function is to make…

ribosomes

The nucleus is a central, MEMBRANE-enclosed organelle found in all EUKARYOTIC cells.

-It is the LARGEST organelle found in animal cells

-The nucleus contains DNA

-It is surrounded by a NUCLEUR ENVELOPE

Nuclear Pores

tiny holes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

-HOLLOW network of tiny HOLES

-Smooth ER makes ENZYMES for tasks such as: CALCIUM regulation DETOXICATION; makes STEROIDS FOR CELL MEMBRANE - doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface

-Rough ER makes RIBOSOMES, & serves as a ROADWAY for the proteins to travel - have ribosomes on its surface

Golgi

-body is a STACK of flattened MEMBRANES that RECEIVES PROTEINS from the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

-send proteins to other parts of the cell by CREATING VESICLES

Vesicles

MEMBRANE-bound ORGANELLE that are used to SEND various items around the cell

Mitochondria

-organelles surrounded by a DOUBLE MEMBRANE

-use glucose to store energy as ATP during a process known as CELLULAR RESPIRATION

-contain their OWN DNA

-inherited from your MOTHERS

-surrounded by an INNER & OUTER MEMBRANE

-DNA in the mitochondrial DNA known as Eve’s DNA b/c you inherit your mother’s mitochondria

Ribosomes

-Made up of PROTEINS & RNA

-Protein synthesis occurs

-Found in prokaryotic cells, plant cells & animal cells

Cytoplasm

-Everything between cell membrane & nucleus/nucleoid

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Vacuoles

-Small MEMBRANE-BOUND organelles that STORE WASTE & assist with TRANSPORTING substances

Lysosomes

-Specialized VESICLES that contain powerful ENZYMES to help DIGEST old cell parts & FOREIGN particles

Plasma Membrane

-Also called Cell Membrane

-Selectively permeable PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

(Selectively Permeable - lets only certain things in & out)

(Phospholipid bilayer - double layer of phospholipid)

Various _____ and ______ are mixed within the phospholipid bilayer to help the cell _______ with the outside world.

PROTEINS - CARBS - COMMUNICATE

The heads of phospholipids __________ water; the tails of phospholipids ________ water. Therefore, the heads always face the __________ and extracellular matrix, which contains __________.

LOVE - FEAR - CYTOPLASM - WATER BASED FLUIDS

Cytoskeleton

-Network of PROTEIN FIBERS

-Maintains CELL SHAPE

-Plays a role in CELL DIVISION & cellular TRANSPORT

-Is composed of ACTION FIBER & MICROTUBULES, which are types of PROTEINS

Prokaryotic cytoskeletons are NOT made of the same type of proteins as eukaryotic cytoskeletons.

TURE

Chloroplast

-Membrane-bound organelles that contain LIGHT-ABSORBING pigments, such as CHLOROPHYL

-Perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS; they are able to harvest ENERGY from the SUN & use it to create SUGAR

-Leaves are green b/c chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs red & blue light from sunlight.

Central Vacuole

-Stores ORGANELLE in PLANT cells

-It contributes to a plant’s TURGOR pressure, which keeps it AGAINST THE CELL

Cell Wall

-Made out of CELLULOSE & PROTEINS

-Surrounds the CELL MEMBRANE

-Gives the plant cell its SHAPE

Mercator (Developed by Gerardus Mercator in 1569)

Advantages: developed as a navigational tool for sailors, it uses longitude & latitude to help navigators accurately navigate direction & travel routes

Disadvantages: distorts the area & shapes of countries & continents, especially close to the N & S Pole - Greenland & Africa look the same size, but Africa is 14 times larger than Greenland

Robinson (developed by Arthur Robinson in 1963)

Advantages: a map was designed to for general use & to be visually appealing to users

Disadvantages: the map doesn’t accurately represent area, shapes,, distance, or direction

5 Themes of Geography

MR. HELP

Movement - Region - Huma-Environment Reaction - Location - Place

Location

Where is it?

-ABSOLUTE LOCATION - exact on the globe, COORDINATES

-RELATIVE LOCATION - in relation to other things (Ex. next to the Dollar General, across from the cow pasture)

GPS (Modern Tool for Mapping)

Global Positioning System

-Accurately determines the PRECISE location of something on Earth

-Originally designed for SHIP & AIRCRAFT navigation - most commonly used when we drive our CARS

GIS (Modern Tool for Mapping)

Geographic Information Systems

-Info on location is stored in LAYERS

-Layers can be viewed individually or combined

Place

What is it like?

-Physical - CLIMATE, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS

-Human Characteristics - types of FOOD people EAT, RELIGIONS practiced, etc.

Region

How are places similar or different?

-When places have common CHARACTERISTICS (physical or human) across an AREA

-May differ based on PERCEPTION

Human-Environment Interaction

How do people RELATE to the world?

-How people USE & CHANGE their environment & the IMPACT of those changes

-INTENTIONAL or ACCIDENTAL/GOOD or BAD

-How NATURE defines our behavior choices

Movement

How do PEOPLE, GOODS, & IDEAS move from one place to another?

-Places CHANGE as people, goods, & ideas move from 1 place to another

-MIGRATION of people

TRADING goods