Unit 3 Anatomy and Physiology

Synarthrosis

immovable; sutures of skull

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable; invertebral discs, pubic sumphysis

Diarthrosis

freely movable; shoulder, knee, and hip

Fibrous Structural Classification

Dense regular connective tissue; sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

Structural Classification Synovial

synovial membrane, most limb joints

Gomphoses

Weak collagen can result in gum bleeding

Syndesmoses

bones connected bu interosseous membrane that have sight movement and provide muscle attachment sites for limbs

Synchondroses

temprary joints in growing bones that eventually become syntoses (fused)

Symphyses

Slightly movable joint that makes up the pubis and invertebral discs

Relaxin Hormone

increases flexibility in childbirth

Epiphyseal Plates

are weak and prone to fracture that can cause deformities, early arthritis, and limb length discrepancies

Intrinsic Ligament

inside capsule, ACL, PCL

Extrinsic Ligament

outside capsule

Tendons

connect muscle to bone, transmit movement

Bursae

fluid-filled sacs reducing friction

Osteoarthritis

most common, wear and tear

Rheumatoid Arthritis

autoimmune disease

Gout Arthritis

Excess Uric Acid Crystal Deposits

Uniaxial Joint

hinge joint

Biaxial joints

metacarpophalangeal in the hand

Multiaxial Joints

the shoulder joint

Flexion

decreases the angle between articulating bones

Extension

increases the angle between articulating bones

Abduction

motion of a body part away from the midline

Adduction

motion of a body part toward midline

Circumduction

a freely movable distal bone moves around a stationary proximal bone in a cone-shaped motion

Rotation

nonangular pivoting motion; one bone rotates or twists on the longitudinal axis running down the middle

Internal Rotation

rotates body toward midline

External Rotation

Rotates body part away from the midline

Opposition

the movement of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand, the mandible can depress or elevate

Reposition

thumb returns to anatomical position

Depression

movement in a inferior direction

Elevation

opposite of depression

protraction

moves body part in the anterior direction

Retraction

body part moves posteriorly

Inversion

foot rotates medially toward midline

Eversion

plantar surface rotates laterally away from the midline

Dorsiflexion

the angle between the foot and tibia decrease

Plantarflexion

angle between the foot and tibia increases

Supination

forearm is supinated when palm faces anteriorly and thumb points laterally

Pronation

Turn the palmar surface medially until it faces posteriorly with the the thumb pointing medially

Plane Joint

nonaxial joint, 2 bones sit next to each other on flat surfaces

Hinge joint

uniaxial joint, convex

Pivot Joint

uniaxial joint, a rounded surface that fits into a groove

Major Ligaments in the Hip

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral

Major ligament in the shoulder

Coracoacromial Joint, coracohumeral Ligament, Glenohumeral Ligament

Major Ligaments in the knee

ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL

Condylar Joint

biaxial joint, oval, convex surface of one bone fits into a shallow concave surface of another

Saddle Joint

Biaxial Joint, have convex and concave regions that complement eachother

Tibiofemoral Joint

between the femoral and tibial condyles

Patellofemoral Joint

between the patella and patellar surface of the femur

Medial and Lateral menisci

part of the fibro-cartilage pads on the tibial condyles; improve fit between bones; shock absorption and cushioning

Tibial Collateral ligament

links femur with the fibula but does not attach to the lateral meniscus

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Prevents tibia from moving too far anteriorly

Posterior cruciate ligament

prevents tibia from moving too far posteriorly

Subacromial Bursa

located below acromion

Bicipital Groove

between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus and contains the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

Coracohumeral Ligament

Connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the humerus

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, teres minor, Subscapularis

Dislocation

the head of humerus separates from the glenoid cavity

Endomysium

surrounds each muscle cell

Perimysium

surrounds each fascicle (bundle of cells)

Epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

Skeletal Muscle Blood and Nerve Supply

highly vascularized, extensive innervation, nutrient delivery and stimulation for voluntary contraction

Parallel Fasicles

fasicles run parallel to long axis

Convergent Fascicles

fibers converge to a single tendon; pectoralis major

Circular Fasicless

surround an opening; contract when contracted, orbicularis oris and oculi

Fusiform

thick belly, tapers at ends; biceps brachii

Unipennate Fascicle

fascicles on one side of tendon; flexor pollicis longus

Bipennate fascicle

fascicles on both sides of tendon; rectus femoris

Multipennate Fasci

Multiple tendon branches; deltoid

Agonist Muscle

main muscle providing movement

Antagonist Muscle

opposite against the agonist

Synergist Muscle

assists the agonist

Fixator Muscle

stabilizes originator joint

Muscle Insertion

more movable attachment; moves toward the origin during contraction

Muscle Origin

fixed or less movable attachment

Muscle Contraction

shortens muscle and movement occurs

First-Class Lever 

the fulcrum is in the middle and the force is applied to the other side of the lever; atlantooccipital joint in the neck

Second-Class Lever

lever the force to move the load on the other end of the lever; uncommon; metatarsophalangeal joints(standing up on your toes)

Third Class Lever

the force moving the load is applied in the body; elbow joints (biceps brachii)

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

long, thin, striated, multinecleated cells arranged in parallel to eachother

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

shorter and wider with branches and usually a single nucleus; striated with intercated discs

Smooth muscle tissue

long, flattened cells with two pointed ends and a single, centrally located oval nucleus; lines hollow organs

Contractibility

ability to contract where proteins in the cell draw closer together

Excitability

responsivity, ability to respond to a stimulus (chemical, mechanical, or electrical)

Conductivity

Ability to conduct electrical charges across the plasma membrane

Distensibility

ability of a cell to be stretched with out being ruptures

Elasticity

abilitu of a cell to return to its original length after it has been stretched

Sarcoplasm

the muscle cells cytoplasm

sarcolemma

the muscle cells plasma membrane

myofibrils

bundles of specialized proteins, muscle contraction, make up

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum that forms a weblike network surrounding each myofibril

Myofibrils

most abundant organelle in the sarcoplasm and are surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores and releases calcium ions

Transverse Tubules

surround each myofibril, forming a tunnel like network

Contractile Proteins

produce tension

Regulatory Proteins

control when the muscle fiber can contract

Structural proteins

hold myofilament in their proper places and ensure the stability of muscle fibers

Thick FIlaments

largest in diameter, contractile proteins myosin

Thin Filaments

made up of a contractile, regulatory, and structural proteins