gt amstud ch 29 vocab

vietnamization

1. President Nixon

2. The gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam

3. Provided South Vietnam with supplies so that they could continue to fight war

   1. Money

   2. Weapons

   3. Training

4. Number of U.S. troops in Vietnam

   1. 1969 - 540,000

   2. 1972 - 30,000

nixon doctrine

Asian allies would receive U.S. support without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces

kent state

1. Student protest against U.S. involvement in Vietnam

   1. At Kent State University

2. National Guard came to shut protest down

3. Shots were fired

   1. 4 student died

my lai

1. March 16, 1968

2. Group of American troops were in the small village of My Lai

   1. Looking for Viet Cong

3. Soldiers killed over 500 women and children

4. Public didn’t learn about until 1970

   1. Increased antiwar sentiment

pentagon papers

1. Turned over by Daniel Ellis and published by New York Times

   1. Increased antiwar sentiment

2. Secret government history documenting mistakes and deceptions of policy-makers regarding with Vietnam

paris accords of 1973

1. Ended direct U.S. military involvement in Vietnam

2. Had provisions for:

   1. Ceasefire

      1. Didn’t resolve conflict

   2. U.S. troop withdrawal

   3. Prisoner exchange

   4. Political framework in Vietnam

   5. Troop withdrawal from Laos and Cambodia

detente

1. Deliberate reduction of Cold War Tensions

2. Nixon visited China in February if 1972

   1. Met with Mao Zedong

   2. U.S. recognized the Communist government in 1979

3. Nixon used good relations with China to pressure the USSR to sign arms control treaties

strategic arms limitation talk (SALT)

1. Treaties between U.S. and USSR aimed at slowing down the arms race

2. SALT I put a freeze on number of anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs)

Middle East War (1973)

1. Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel to regain lands lost in the Six-Day War in 1967

2. U.S. provided Israel with $2 billion in arms

opec - oil embargo

1. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

   1. Arab members of OPEC placed embargo on Israel’s supporters

      1. Caused worldwide oil shortage

2. Impacts on U.S. economy

   1. Inflation

   2. Loss of manufacturing jobs

   3. Lower standard of living for blue-collar workers

   4. Loss of over 225,000 automobile jobs

      1. Caused by Americans switching to Japanese cars

   5. Negative effects lasted to end of decade

title ix

1. Passed by Congress in 1972

2. Statue to end sex discrimination in federally funded schools

3. Best known for providing girls equal athletic opportunities

burger court

1. Warren E. Burger

   1. Chief Justice appointed by Nixon

2. More conservative than Warren court, but angered many conservatives

3. Rulings and Decisions

   1. 1971 - ordered busing to achieve racial balance in schools

   2. 1972 - issued strict guidelines that made it difficult to carry out death penalty

   3. Roe v. Wade - 1973 - struck down many laws limiting a woman’s right to an abortion

   4. United States v. Nixon - 1974 - ordered Nixon to turn over the Watergate tapes

roe v wade (1973)

1. Most controversial case of Burger Court

2. 7-2 ruling struck down many laws limiting a woman’s right to an abortion

   1. Violation of a woman’s right to privacy

3. Established trimester framework

   1. First - woman and doctor make decision without state interference

   2. Second - state can regulate abortions to protect maternal health

   3. Third - state can prohibit abortions except when necessary for life and health of the mother

George McCovern

1. Senator from South Dakota

2. Liberal

3. Antiwar

4. Anti-establishment

5. Ran a terrible campaign against Nixon

   1. Dropped his VP

   2. Nixon won in a landslide

watergate cover-up

A political scandal that involved the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic Party’s headquarters by Nixon’ reelection campaign members to secure his reelection as the President of the US. This scandal’s coming to light intensified growing public distrust in federal leaders, and brought it to a head.

War Powers Act (1973)

1. Limits presidential power over the military

2. President must report to Congress 48 hours after any military action

3. Congress must approve of any military action that lasts longer than 60 days

4. Caused by public outcry and Nixon’s Cambodia bombing raids

5. Nixon vetoed multiple times but it still eventually passed

pardon of nixon

1. Gerald Ford

   1. Nixon’s Second VP

   2. Became President following Nixon’s resignation

2. Gave Nixon unconditional pardon for watergate crimes

   1. Extended before Nixon was indicted

3. Nixon and Ford were accused of a corrupt bargain

4. Full truth of Nixon’s crimes never came out

fall of saigon

The capture of the capital of South Vietnam by the Northern Vietnamese focus, signalling the end of the Vietnam War, and reuniting the country under communism. The event impacted the American population's perception of the struggles.

cambodia genocide

The systematic killing of urban Cambodians to create a society built of communist agrarian ideals, and rid the country of western ideals. This, along with the Vietnam War, was one of the main conflicts that captivated US foreign interest policies.

jimmy carter

The 38th President of the US succeeding Gerald Ford, whose foreign policy included a focus on human rights, the Panama Canal, the Camp David Accords, and the regular relations with China. Domestic issues include the rise of domestic inflation during his term, the energy crisis, and Iran hostage crisis.

panama canal treaty

A treaty that transferred control over the Panama Canal to Panama, and ruled the infrastructure to be neutral and open to all countries. The agreement symbolized a shift in American foreign policy to a more diplomatic and collaborative effort.

camp david accords

A peace treaty between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter that was the first of its kind, which shifted US foreign policy into one that focused on regional stability. It also set the stage for further peace talks in the Middle East.

iranian hostage crisis

A hostage scenario where Iranian militants took Americans in the US embassy in Iran hostage in response to the US giving the exiled shah medical treatment after he was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution. President Carter attempted to solve the issue using diplomatic efforts, and later a failed rescue mission, which ended up being one of the main issues during his term. It also contributed to anti - American sentiments in the Middle East.

soviet afghanistan invasion

A proxy war that resulted from the US supporting the Afghan mujahideen after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to back the weakening communist government. The event led to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union and detente, and established the Carter Doctrine.

cesar chavez

A labor and civil rights activist who co-founded United Farm Workers to advocate for improved working conditions, wages, and benefits for migrant farm workers.

american indian movement

A militant Native American Civil Rights organization that aimed to improve the lives of indigenous peoples by focusing on racial profiling, economic independence, legal rights, tribal autonomy, and the cultural revitalization of Native American groups.

stonewall (gay liberation movement)

A violent confrontation between New York police and LGBTQ+ patrons at the StoneWall Inn, which led to extended protests and served as the catalyst for the gay rights movement.

earth day (1970)

A nationwide teach - in that aimed to raise awareness about the growing environmental pollution to encourage action. The event led to the passage of the Clean Air Act, Environmental Species Act, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency.

exxon valdez incident

A devastating oil spill in Alaska that had lasting effects on the local ecosystem, which led to the passage of regulations surrounding oil spill prevention and cleanups, as denoted by the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

three mile incident

A partial meltdown of a core of the nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station, that raised concerns about the long - term health effects of nuclear accidents, and tightened safety regulations and operator training for nuclear sites. The event also contributed to anti - nuclear sentiments, and led to greater advocacy of the environmental movement.

chernobyl meltdown

An explosion of a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, which led to devastating health effects that highlighted the risks of nuclear technology, and had a severe impact on the Soviet economy due to their lack of transparency.

clean air act (1970)

A federal law that established auto emissions standards, air pollution guidelines for private industries, and gave the EPA authority to enforce air quality standards to protect the ozone and promote public health.

environmental protection agency (EPA)

A federal department established during the Nixon administration that aimed to promote human and environmental health by enforcing guidelines surrounding pollution, emissions, and aiding in recovery planning.

clean water act (1970)

A federal law that regulates pollution discharge into American waters, and gives the EPA authority to implement measures to restore the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters.