HTHSCI 3BB3 - F2023 - 11B - Nutrition Adolescence Elderly

How do changes in puberty affect the nutrient needs of teenagers?

a) total nutrient needs are greater during adolescence than at any other time of life

b) energy requirements for females are greater than those for males

c) femalesrequiremoreironfortissuesynthesisthanboys

d) the total amount of energy needed by teenagers is the same as needed by adults

a) total nutrient needs are greater during adolescence than at any other time of life

Increased need for:

calcium and zinc as well

Increased adiposity in young females is associated with:

an early onset of puberty

aromatase

an enzyme involved in the production of estrogen

Leptin

stimulate the expression of the protein kisspeptin, which stimulate the release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), contributing to the increased production of estrogen

dietary concerns for adolescents study findings

aged 9 to 18 did not have adequate intake of Vitamin A

Females 14 to 18 had low intake of B6, folate, and B12

12% of adolescent females were not meeting theiriron requirements

not meeting their requirements for calcium

not meeting their zinc requirements

Bone Health In Adolescence

Milk consumption tends to decrease during adolescence

• Calorie-free soft drinks maybe chosen as well

• calcium can be obtained from sources other than dairy

other dietary concerns for adolescents

eating disorders

adolescent pregnancy

smoking

alcohol

cannabis

The nurse is assessing a client's nutritional status before surgery. What would indicate poor nutrition in a 21-year-old female client who is 5'8"?

a) Poor posture

b) Brittle nails

c) Dull expression

d) Weight of 128 lb (58.1 Kg)

b) Brittle nails

What is aging?

a) aging begins when a person reaches the age of 65

b) aging occurs when a person becomes more susceptible to disease

c) aging develops when a person can no longer perform the activities of daily living

d) aging is a process that occurs continuously in individuals of all ages

d) aging is a process that occurs continuously in individuals of all ages

As organisms become older.....

the number of cells they contain decreases and the function of the remaining cells declines

As tissues and organs lose cells.........

the ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis decreases.

CR

calorie restrictions

CALERIE study

Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy

- LDL-cholesterol (p<0·0001), total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio (p<0·0001), and systolic (p<0·0011) and diastolic (p<0·0001) blood pressure.

- significant improvement at 2 years in C-reactive protein (p=0·012), insulin sensitivity index (p<0·0001), and metabolic syndrome score (p<0·0001) relative to control.

- substantial advantage for cardiovascular health of practicing moderate calorie restriction in young and middle-aged healthy individuals, and they offer promise for pronounced long- term population health benefits.

Compression of morbidity

a shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm, accomplished by postponing illness

(refers to the delaying of onset of the symptoms of disease so that they take up less of later life)

A primary goal of dietary intervention for the elderly is to :

a) Improve digestion and metabolism

b) Treat acute conditions

c) Prevent complications from chronic conditions

d) Maintain quality of life

d) Maintain quality of life

Life expectancy is about 78 years in our society but unfortunately, only about _____ of these years are disease and disability-free

69

Nutrient Requirements in Older Adults

Vitamin B6 and B12

Vitamin D,Calcium and Magnesium

Anti-oxidants (Vitamin C and E)

Iron needs in females decrease due to menopause

Physiological Changes that Occur with Aging

Sensory decline

Macular degeneration

Cataracts

Periodontal disease

Atrophic gastritis

Decline in size and functioning of liver and kidneys

Alzheimer's disease

• Reduced hormone levels

• Decrease in mobility

• Dementia

• Increase in body fat, decrease in lean body tissue

• Immune function and underlying illness

Sensory decline

- impaired taste and smell

- decrease in the amount of saliva also contributes to this decreased sense

Thirst sense is decreased as well, increasing the risk of dehydration

Decrease in visual acuity makes shopping and food preparation more difficult

• Regular consumption of antioxidant-rich food throughout adulthood may slow the progression of these disorders or prevent them

Gastrointestinal Changes

Periodontal disease

Stomachs empty slower, allowing older adults to feel full longer and decreasing food intake

10-30% of adults over 50 have ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, the incidence can be as high as 40% in those over 80

Decreased motility and elasticity of the large intestine, along with low fibre and liquid intake = constipation

Pharmaceuticals can decrease nutrient absorption

Shift in Body Composition

- greater percentage of fat

• Decreasedstrengthandenduranceaffectmobilityandbalance

• Newresearchishighlightingtheeffectofexerciseon maintenance of muscle

immune function

There is a decline in immune function due to aging

Sickness limits nutrient intake and absorption, this in turn affects the body's ability to mount an immune response

Immune surveillance and destruction of cancerous cells may be impacted

what increases the risk of malnutrition as intake decreases

Decreased Basal metabolic rate means that fewer calories are needed, but the same or increased amount of nutrients

Above age 60 there is sensory decline leading to

- impaired taste (decrease in the amount of saliva)

• Less enjoyment of food and eating

• Thirst sense is decreased as well, increasing the risk of dehydration

CCHS Study of Health- promoting factors

Never smoked daily/quit for 15 years or more

Not obese(i.e.,BMI<30)

Sleeps well

Fruit/vegetable consumption five or more times/daily

Good oral health

Frequent walker

Frequent social participation

Low daily stress

One of the challenges in meeting the nutritional needs of the elderly is that the elderly:

a) Have a decreased need for almost all nutrients

b) Often have significant problems with dentition that affect their ability to masticate most food

c) Have decreased caloric needs but constant or increased needs for vitamins and minerals

d) Lose interest in eating a balanced diet

Have decreased caloric needs but constant or increased needs for vitamins and minerals

How do nutritional needs change with age?

a) total fat and carbohydrate needs increase

b) energy needs increase

c) vitaminB6andB12requirementsincrease

d) lower intakes of protein are needed because muscle mass has declined

c) vitaminB6andB12requirementsincrease

A multidomain approach that includes what demonstrated improvements or maintenance of cognitive function

diet, exercise, cognitive training and vascular risk monitoring

Economics, Social and Psychological Factors

Seniors are often on a fixed income, however rising costs,

including those related to healthcare can push individuals into poverty

Depression in the elderly can lead to malnutrition

SCREEN-3,-8,-14toidentifyat risk individuals

Exercise

Important for prevention of illness and maintenance of independence

Mobility issues may affect diet as well

Regular exercise can help reduce the incidence of chronic disease and maintain mobility, bone and muscle mass and importantly, independence

Social connections

Social interaction is important and can provide motivation

Canadians with increased social participation demonstrated greater physical, psychological, social and self-rated wellness

The elderly who want to take an herbal supplement for arthritis symptoms should be advised to:

a) Read labels very carefully prior to making a selection, because they are usually quite expensive

b) Consult their healthcare provider about possible interactions with current medications

c) Verify their effectiveness with friends or family members who have taken them

d) Reconsider the idea, because they might have serious side effects

Consult their healthcare provider about possible interactions with current medications