exam 2

Temperature

A measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

psychrophile

an organism that grows best at about 15 degrees Celsius and does not grow above 20 degrees Celsius , a cold-loving microbe

acidophile

a bacterium that grows below pH 4

obligate aerobe

An organism that requires molecular oxygen (O2) to live.

facultative anaerobes

can live with or without oxygen

budding

1, asexual production beginning as a protuberance from the parent cell that grows to become a daughter cell 2, the release of an enveloped virus through the plasma membrane of an animal ecoli

log phase

The period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell numbers; also called exponential growth phase.

pH

the symbol of hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution

mesophile

an organism that grows between 10 degrees celsius and 50 degrees celsius3; a moderate temperature loving microbe

halophile

an organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth

obligate anaerobe

An organism that does not use molecular oxygen (O2) and is killed in the presence of O2.

organic

a molecule contain carbon and hydrogen

generation time

the time it takes for a population to double

Stationary Phase

the period in a bacterial growth curve when the number of cells dividing equals the number dying

osmotic pressure

the force with which a solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of a higher solute concentration

thermophile

An organism whose optimum growth temperature is between 50°C and 60°C; a heat loving microbe.

facultative halophile

an organism capable of growth in, but not requiring 1-2% salt

aerotolerant anaerobe

An organism that does not use molecular oxygen (O2) but is not affected by its presence

biofilm

a microbial community that is held together by a gummy-textured matrix

logarithmic

each number on the pH scale increases by multiples of 10.

carrying capacity

the number of organisms that an environment can support

optimum growth temperature

the temperature at which the species grows best

hyperthermophile

An organism whose optimum growth temperature is at least 80°C; also called extreme thermophile.

CHNOPS

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

microaerophile

An organism that grows best in an environment with less molecular oxygen (O2) than is normally found in air.

binary fission

prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

lag phase

the time interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth

death phase

The period of logarithmic decrease in a bacterial population; also called logarithmic decline phase.

1. Be able to classify an organism based on temperature preference, and identify a particular organism's optimum growth temperature using a data plot.

psychrophile (cold-loving), mesophile (moderate loving), thermophile (heat loving)

Optimum growth temperature will be at the top of the growth-highest part

1. Understand the influence of pH and osmolarity on the growth of microbes. Also, be able to differentiate between extreme and facultative halophiles.

1. Identify in which major macromolecule groups (lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates) where you can find each of the elemental building blocks: C, H, N, O, P and S.

1. Based on thioglycolate media growth profiles, understand the classification of obligate aerobe, obligate

anaerobe, and aerotolerant anaerobe; and, how these classifications relate to whether the organism possesses the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and/or catalase.

1. Identify general groups of organic growth factors important for cultivating microorganisms.

1. Understand the composition of a biofilm and why these microbial communities are important to the practice of medicine.

biofilms are made up of a complex polymer containing many times its dry weight in water. biofilms are 70% of the infection rate in healthcare environments

1. Differentiate between budding and binary fission, and name an example of an organism which uses each type of reproduction.

budding is asexual production beginning as a protuberance from the parent cell that grows to become a daughter cell 2, the release of an enveloped virus through the plasma membrane of an animal ecoli (Example is actinomycetes)

binary fission is prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells (EXAMPLE is amoeba)

1. Know how to calculate the number of organisms that will be present in a culture based on the starting number of organisms, plus the exponential formula: 2n

1. Understand and describe each of the four (4) stages of the bacterial growth curve.

Lag phase (intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population),

log phase (logarithmic or exponential increase in population),

stationary phase (period of equilibrium, microbial deaths balance the production of new cells),

Death Phase (population is decreasing at a logarithmic phase)

obligatory intracellular parasite

absolutely require living host cells in order to multiply, contain dna or rna, contain a protein coat, no ribosomes, no ATP generating mechanism

capsid

the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid

naked virus

virus without an envelope

enveloped

the outer covering surrounding the capsid of some viruses

cytopathic effect (CPE)

a visible effect on a host cell, caused by a virus, that may result in host cell damage or death

uncoating

the separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat

endocytosis

the process by which material is moved into a eukaryotic cell

oncogene

cancer causing gene

acellular

not consisting of, divided into, or containing cells.

Capsomere

a protein subunit of q viral capsid

-viridiae

family name

fusion

the merging of plasma membranes of two different cells resulting in one cell containing cytoplasm from both original cells

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

oncogenic virus

virus that has the ability to cause cancer

prion

an infectious agent consisting of self-replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acids

bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

polyhedral

many-sided

plaque

a clearing in a bacterial lawn resulting from lysis by phages

Herpesviridae

chicken pox, herpes simplex

Rhinovirus

common cold

reverse transciptase

an RNA-dependant DNA polymerase; an enzyme that synthesizes a complementary DNA from an RNA molecule

retroviridae

HIV

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

progressive, incurable, neurologic disease caused by infectious prions

virion

a complete fully developed viral particle

spike

a carbohydrate-protein complex that projects from the surface of certain viruses

biosynthesis

The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.

RdRp

Rhabdovirdae

rabies

provirus

viral DNA that is integrated into the host cells DNA

latent

present, but not active; hidden

PRP

spongiform encephalopathy

degeneration of neurons and vacuolization due to accumulations of prion proteins

1. Describe the general structure of the virus, including the core, capsid and envelope, if applicable.

1. Understand the general infection cycle of animal viruses: (a) attachment; (b) entry; (c) synthesis; (d) assembly; and (e) release.

1. Differentiate between the different types of entry used by viruses during infection (eg., endocytosis vs. fusion).

2. Be able to differentiate between the different viruses based on nucleic acid structure and type. Also, indicate which enzymes a particular virus uses for replicating its nucleic acid.

1. Know why RNA viruses are more prone to mutation which produces antigenic drift.

1. Understand how viruses influence the process of oncogenesis (cancer formation) and how this manifests as cytopathic effect.

Describe how prion proteins (PrPs) cause spongiform encephalopathy and identify the name of the disease in humans

sepsis

the presence of a toxin or pathogenic organisms in the blood or tissue

antisepsis

a chemical method or disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes;

biocide

a substance capable of killing microorganisms

Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)

the time, in minutes, in which 90% of a population of bacteria at a given temperature will be killed

desiccation

removal of water

bisphenol

phenolic that contains two phenol groups connected by a bridge

phenols

carbolic acid

asepsis

absence of significant contamination by unwanted microorganisms

disinfectant

any treatment used on an inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

bacteriostasis

a treatment capable of inhibiting bacterial growth

autoclave

Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121°C.

biguanides

lowers blood sugar levels