Muscular System

Myorrhaphy

Surgical suturing of a muscle

Myotomy

Surgical incision into a muscle

Tenotomy

Surgical incision into a tendon

Tenorrhaphy

Surgical suturing together of divided ends of a tendon

Tenolysis

Release of a tendon affected by adhesions

Tenodesis

Surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

R-I-C-E (response to minor muscle injury)

"Rest

Ice

Compression

Elevation"

Electromyography

Measures electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

Deep tendon reflexes

Tested by striking a tendon with a reflex hammer

Myoparesis

Weakness or slight muscular paralysis

Hemiparesis

Weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body

Shin splint

Injury when a muscle tears away from the tibia

Sprain

Injury to a joint usually due to wrenching or tearing of a ligament

Strain

Injury due to overuse involving stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon attachment

Heel spur

Calcium deposits in plantar fascia near the attachment to calcaneus

Epicondylitis

Inflammation of tissues surrounding the elbow

- (epi-: on; condyl: condyle; -itis: inflammation)

- (condyle: round prominence at end of a bone)

- - Lateral - outer side of the arm, tennis elbow

- - Medial - inner side of the arm, golfers elbow

Ganglion Cyst

Harmless fluid-filled swelling occurring commonly on the outer surface of a wrist

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

- Chronic pain affecting muscles and fascia throughout the body

- Muscle contracts repetitively

- Trigger points develop where fascia comes into contact with a muscle

Impingement syndrome

Inflammation and swelling of tendons in space between bones within the shoulder joint (rotator cuff injury)

Compartment syndrome

Compression of nerves/blood vessels due to swelling within space created by fascia separating groups of muscles

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

- Primarily affects boys at the age of 3-5 years

- Unable to walk by age 12

- Develop breathing difficulties and heart diseases

Muscular Dystrophy

- Group of 30 *genetic* diseases

- Progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

- ** Does not affect nervous system **

- No specific treatment

-asthenia

weakness or lack of strength (suffix)

Myasthenia Gravis

- Chronic autoimmune disease

- Affects neuromuscular junction causing weakness of voluntary muscles

Hyperkinesia

Abnormal increased muscle function or activity

kines

movement

Singultus

- Myoclonus of diaphragm

- Hiccups

Cramp

Painful localized spasm

Torticollis

Stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of neck muscles

Intermittent claudication

Pain in leg muscles occurring during exercise and relieved by rest

Spasm

Sudden, involuntary contraction of muscle(s)

Myoclonus

Involuntary jerking of muscle(s)

clon-

violent action (root form)

tax:

coordination (root)

Muscle Tone

State of balanced muscle tension allowing normal posture/movement

Atonic (a-: without; ton: tone; -ic: pertaining to)

Lacking normal muscle tone

Dystonia (dys: bad; ton: tone; -ia: condition)

Impairment of voluntary muscle movement

Hypotonia (hypo-: deficient; ton: tone; -ia: condition)

Diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

Myorrhexis

Rupture/tearing of a muscle

Polymyositis

Inflammation/weakening of voluntary muscles

Rhabdomyolysis

Death of muscle fibers releases their content into bloodstream, where they can lead to complications such as renal failure

rhabdomy/o

: striated muscle

Sarcopenia

Loss of muscle mass/strength/function

sarc/o:

flesh (combining form)

-penia

deficiency (suffix)

Adhesion

Band of fibrous tissue holding structures together abnormally

Myalgia

Tenderness or pain in the muscles

Myocele

Herniation of a muscle through tear in the fascia

Myolysis

Degeneration of muscle tissue

Fibromyalgia

- Chronic condition characterized by fatigue and pain

- Unknown cause

- Affects many body systems

- Profound fatigue not improved by bed rest and may be worsened by physical or mental activity

How Muscles are Named (con't)

- Rectus - straight

- Oblique - slanted

- Transverse - crosswise

- Sphincter - circular - For the fiber direction

sphincter/o

- tight band (combining form)

Muscles may be named according to their

- Origin

- Insertion

- Action

- Location

- Fiber direction

- Number of divisions

- Size or shape

Rotation

Circular movement around an axis

Dorsiflexion

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Plantar flexion

Movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

(ab-: away from; duct: lead; -ion: action)

Abduction (word parts)

abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

flex

to bend (word root)

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

tens

: to stretch out (word root)

Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones by straightening out of a limb

Hyperextension

Overextension of a limb beyond normal limit

Elevation

Raising or lifting of a body part

Depression

Lowering a body part

Smooth muscles

- Located in the walls of internal organs, such as digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading to glands

- Move and control flow of fluids in these structures