Unit 4 AOS 1: Health and Human Development Summary

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Human Development and Global Trends, including definitions for HDI, sustainability dimensions, and country classifications.

Human development

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests; it involves expanding choices, enhancing capabilities, and having access to knowledge, health, and a decent standard of living.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development using a single statistic based on three dimensions and four indicators.

Life expectancy at birth

One of the four indicators of the HDI, defined as the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.

Mean years of schooling

One of the four indicators of the HDI, defined as the average number of years of formal education achieved by those aged 25 years and over.

Expected years of schooling

One of the four indicators of the HDI, defined as the number of years of formal education expected for a child of school-entrance age.

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country.

High-income countries

Countries with a GNI per capita of $US13,846$ or more, such as Australia, Canada, and Japan.

Middle-income countries

Countries with a GNI per capita between $US1,136$ and $US13,845$, such as Brazil, China, and Vietnam.

Low-income countries

Countries with a GNI per capita of $US1,135$ or less, such as Afghanistan, Uganda, and Sudan.

Double burden of disease

A situation experienced when low-, and sometimes middle-income countries, face both high levels of communicable and non-communicable diseases at the same time.

Communicable diseases

Also known as infectious diseases, these can spread from one person or animal to another and are typically caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Non-communicable diseases

Also referred to as lifestyle diseases, these do not spread from person to person and are often caused by lifestyle, genetics, and environmental factors.

Safe water

Water that is free from contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals like mercury and lead, making it safe for drinking, cooking, and hygiene.

Sanitation

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions like garbage collection.

Relative poverty

A measure of poverty where individuals live on less than 50 per cent of their country’s average income.

Extreme poverty

A measure of poverty where individuals live on less than a specific dollar amount per day, often defined as $US2.15$ a day.

Discrimination

Unfair or unjust treatment of individuals or groups based on specific characteristics, such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Economic sustainability

Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.

Social sustainability

Creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources, such as peace, security, and gender equality, both now and into the future.

Environmental sustainability

Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources, such as biodiversity and natural resources, into the future.

Global trends

Large-scale patterns or movements happening across the world, including climate change, conflict, mass migration, world trade, tourism, and digital technologies.

Climate change

Long-term adjustments in global temperatures and weather patterns, resulting in rising sea levels and extreme weather events.

Conflict

Civil or international war that results in violent interactions between groups, often leading to damaged infrastructure and displaced populations.

Mass migration

The movement of many people from one place to another, potentially resulting in refugees, asylum seekers, stateless people, or internally displaced people.

World trade

The exchange of goods and services across international borders, which has contributed to the global marketing of products like tobacco and processed foods.

Digital technologies

Tools, devices, and platforms like mobile phones, the internet, and telehealth services that perform tasks and communicate information.