fine art music exam 4

“_____” Indians described friendly, modest, dignified, brave, and simple people devoted to their families.

good

“___” Indians described as primitive, naked, dirty, lazy, superstitious, cannibalistic, warmongering, cruel, and vengeful people.

bad

______ sent Christopher Columbus on a voyage in 1492 hoping to extract riches from far-off lands.

Spain

_____ began colonizing eastern Canada in 1523 when King Francis sent Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the Americas.

France

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, ______ captain Christopher Newport landed in Virginia in 1607 and established the Jamestown colony near the Chesapeake Bay.

British

A small band of Protestants known as the ______ came ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620, marking the beginning of a definitive point from which sacred singing may be traced.

Pilgrims

The _______ arrived at Massachusetts Bay in 1629 with hopes of forming a “purer” religion than that of the Anglican Church.

Puritans

The British ______: Old Version (1562) was adopted by the Church of England as the official congregational psalm book.

Psalmody

The Pilgrims sang from a psalter book known as the _______ Psalter.

Ainsworth

The first printed book in America was the ____ Psalm Book (1640) which was a simplified version of the Ainsworth Psalter with just five melodies.

Bay

William Billings was called the Father of New _______ Music.

England

Billings wrote The New-England ______-Singer which was the first published publication of only American-composed music, and the first American tunebook devoted to a single composer.

Psalm

One of Billings’ most famous compositions is the hymn _______, which, due to its anti-British text, is remembered more as a symbol of the American Revolution than a church hymn.

Chester

The _____ New England School was the first group of composers to create works with a distinctly American sound with little to no European influence.

First

______ notes simplified musical notation such that singers needed only to know the syllable names of each shape note to sing properly.

Shape

Shape note singing was ultimately _________ because it encouraged worshipful singing as praise, created equality between the learned and uneducated, and allowed a printed message by any American to be delivered directly to an audience.

successful

Shape note songs were especially popular in the ______ where hymnbooks included one of the most beloved of all American sacred songs—Amazing Grace.

South

One of the best-selling tunebooks in American publishing history is The ______ Harp (1844) by Elisha King and Benjamin Franklin White (1800–1879) which contains sacred songs and hymns with secular tunes.

Sacred

_____ meetings were spiritual activities in which blacks were welcome and allowed the freedom to sing, praise, and worship in their own way.

Camp

Lowell ______ was the father of public school music education and created a new style of hymn that was based on psalmody and had traits of ancient music.

Mason

________ and movement to urban areas changed the nature of work and alienated many workers.

Industrialization

______ Songs criticized the social hierarchy, encouraged workers to imagine a different and better working environment, and used “respectable” songs to satirize industry establishment values.

Labor

The poor working conditions of factory workers inspired a new ________ revival movement aimed at bringing the gospel (or “good news” of Jesus Christ) to Americans of all social and economic classes.

Protestant

Sankey collected many of his and others’ hymns and published them in 1876 as _____ Hymns, which became the best-selling hymnal in the United States during his time.

Gospel

many members of the middle and upper classes became ______ musicians and took it upon themselves to make music in their homes.

amateur

Barbara _____ is a typical British (likely Scottish) ballad. The tune to it has become entrenched in American secular culture.

Allen

many ballads in the vein of Barbara Allen were published on one side of large sheets of inexpensive paper called ________.

broadsides

White fascination with black slave music gave rise to blackface ______ shows that became the form of stage entertainment in the United States during the 1800s.

minstrel

Minstrel Shows helped launch a distinctly new American genre—_______ music.

popular

By the mid-1800s, the drive for financial profit was the main focus of a booming economic trade that gave rise to the _____ music industry and the modern American popular music we know today.

sheet

Daniel Decatur ______ (1815–1904) played minstrel-style banjo and became famous as a writer of songs like Old Dan Tucker.

Emmett

Stephen Foster’s many minstrel show hits included De _______ Races (1850).

Camptown

The enduring song lyric “Glory, glory Hallelujah” comes from the Northern Civil War song The Battle-Hymn of the ______ (1862).

Republic

The song I Wish I was in _____ Land was written by Emmett but was associated with the Confederacy during the Civil War and after.

Dixie

“___ ___ Alley” was the music publishing district in New York City on West 28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenue (just a few blocks from Broadway).

Tin Pan

Successful Broadway stage tunes by George M. Cohan were typically more positive and upbeat, like Give My Regards to ________.

Broadway

______ was a style of music played by classically-trained African American pianists in saloons and dance halls in primarily the Midwest and South.

Ragtime

Ragtime featured _______ versions of melodies in the right hand and steady downbeat rhythms in the left hand.

syncopated

Scott ______’s Maple Leaf Rag (1899) was named after a social club in Missouri and sold an astounding one million copies.

Joplin

the _____ began to coalesce as a black response to clear isolation, hardship, and lack of education, property, and political influence. It recalled African-derived ring shouts, slave songs, and field hollers of Deep South blacks.

Blues

W.C. ______, who proclaimed himself the inventor and “father of the blues,” penned the first notated blues songs in 1914—Memphis Blues and St. Louis Blues.

Handy

The backbone of jazz is the ______ section most often made up of string bass, drum set, and piano (as well as guitar, vibraphone, and percussion instruments).

rhythm

The _______ of saxophones, trumpets, and trombones (as well as clarinet, flute, flugelhorn, and other wind instruments) in jazz music is most often responsible for performing melodies and countermelodies.

frontline

Where trained classical musicians strive to produce an ideal, universal tone quality from their instruments, jazz musicians seek to find their ______ own sound and tone color.

unique

The “______” of syncopated rhythms is central to the triplet feel of jazz because it gives the music a sense of push-and-pull that creates tension and excitement.

swing

Most ____ performances have three main parts: a beginning section known as a chorus, a middle section of improvised solos, and a concluding restatement of the beginning chorus.

jazz

Jazz _________ involves composing music in the moment with the goal of self-expression, which is accomplished by creating new melodies on top of an existing chord progression.

improvisation

Most historians agree that jazz developed around 1900 in ____ _______, Louisiana, which at the time included a mixture of cultures: American, African American, Spanish, French, and Caribbean.

New Orleans

New ______-style jazz music grew out of the ragtime and blues music of the 1890s.

Orleans

Theater and cabaret singer Mamie _____ made history in 1920 when she recorded Crazy Blues with her group, The Jazz Hounds.

Smith

_____ Blues was the first recording of a blues song sung by a black singer, was a huge success, and sold over 70,000 copies.

Crazy

______ groups were made up of just four to six serious jazz musicians who wanted the audience to sit and listen to what they had to say and to think of their fast-tempo music as art music.

Bebop

The term for the dominant style of African American popular music in late 1940s and early 1950s was ______ and blues.

rhythm

DJ Alan Freed became the first to call R&B “____ and ____” (a term used in black songs that referred to sexual intercourse).

rock and roll

Many consider the first rock hit to be Bill Haley and His Comets’ Rock Around the _____, which was a number-one hit in 1955.

Clock

The soul music of Detroit, Michigan, evolved into a genre called ______ that blended rhythm and blues with elements of popular music and allowed black musicians and composers to enter the mainstream music scene.

Motown

_____ of the 1960s was a stripped-down version of blues and gospel that relied on an insistent beat, punchy horn sections, repetitious drum-like vocals, and a “funky” bass line.

Funk

American jazz, country, and rock music traveled over the Atlantic Ocean and became so popular that British rock groups like The ______ became immensely successful in the United States.

Beatles

Rock and heavy metal _____ artists presented wild stage acts with extravagant tight-fitting costumes, androgynous images, references to outer space, open allusions to homosexuality, bizarre makeup, and special stage effects such as dry ice, smoke machines, sirens and lights, snow machines, smoke bombs, and levitating drum risers.

theatre

_____ was notable for its danceable rhythms, catchy melodies, heavy use of string sounds, and less intense emotional subject matter.

Disco

The first ______ metal bands exacerbated the destructive tendencies and antiwar mood of the 1970s.

heavy

____ was characterized by rhythmic talking that was often improvisatory and depicted the anger and frustration of urban black youth.

Rap

After early rap became a successful mainstream style of popular music, a number of variants appeared, including ___-___, which began in the Bronx neighborhoods of New York City.

hip-hop

By the 1700s, both British and American armies hosted _____ music groups made up of fifes and drums, which were ideally suited to their task of communication.

field

________ groups provided entertainment for both military and nonmilitary banquets, sporting events, and even formal concerts.

Harmoniemusik

Concerts in America during the 1700s were ______ events held in plain rooms with temporary chairs that were quickly swept aside for dancing after the concert was concluded.

informal

Francis ________ is considered the first colonial composer of a secular composition for his art song My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free (1759).

Hopkinson

The first American ____ bands like Washington’s were very practical ensembles because they traveled well, could be fashioned into many configurations, and could play in just about any venue from coffeehouses and taverns to theaters and gardens.

wind

The quill-plucked harpsichord that had reigned supreme in the early 1700s as the most popular home instrument was replaced by the ______.

fortepiano

______ music publishers helped spread the desire for home music-making with inexpensive, easy-to-play publications.

Sheet

In 1842 a group of New York’s leading musicians established an orchestra with permanent membership called the New York ________ Society—the first professional orchestra in the United States.

Philharmonic

William Henry ___ generated a number of American musical firsts: the first native-born American to write for a large symphony orchestra, the first to compose a grand opera that was publicly performed (Leonora, 1845), and the first music critic for a major American newspaper

Fry

Known as “The _____ Swan,” Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield (1824–1876) became the first black American vocalist to win critical acclaim in both Europe and the United States.

Black

Louis Moreau ________ wrote a number of piano compositions based on melodies he heard in the United States and established himself as an American musical ambassador.

Gottschalk

The years between the Civil War and World War I are known as the “______ age” of American wind bands.

golden

The _______ New England School of composers were considered the first legitimate American composers since the First New England School of composers like Billings and Read.

Second

Music by the Second New England School of composers was written in an international style with roots in the ______ music of Beethoven and Wagner with _______ roots.

German, Boston

George Whitefield ________ is known as the first great American composer of symphonic music on the basis of compositions like his first major success, an overture for orchestra called Rip Van Winkle.

Chadwick

The first successful female American composer of large-scale art music works was Amy Cheney ______.

Beach

Amy Cheney Beach was the first American-trained concert _______, one of the first professional female musicians in the United States, and the first woman to write large-scale works for the concert hall.

pianist

Edward _______ fit the bill of “The Great American Composer” perfectly—he was charming; he had been formally trained in Europe; and he showed a range of literary and artistic talents.

MacDowell

“________” composers, like MacDowell, began composing original art music inspired by Native American influences.

Indianist

John Philip _____ is known as “The _____ King” for the over 130 marches he composed, all of which he thought of as “high” art music in that they are carefully composed miniatures made up of varying details within a standard form.

Sousa, March

Sousa marches are intended to be played with disciplined order and military ________.

precision

With Thomas ________’s invention of the _______, recorded music became a major part of the music business and the recording industry blossomed.

Edison’s, phonograph

Charles Ives’ music was ________ and inspired by the unusual and accidental sounds of American life.

experimental

George Gershwin’s ________ in Blue is a parade of themes and references that speak to Gershwin’s background in African American folk music and classical music.

Rhapsody

The premiere performance of Rhapsody in Blue had a significant impact on American music because it was an artistic work with American folk, popular, and classical music influences, was effectively publicized, and was performed by a ________ ensemble.

professional

Gershwin composed _____ and Bess, a folk opera set in South Carolina.

Porgy

In New York around 1920, black intellectuals began a cultural movement now referred to as the ______ Renaissance, which was an attempt to break through the wall of racism via art by showing that black artists could master classic, prestigious, European forms and techniques.

Harlem

William Grant ______’s Afro-American Symphony became the first symphony composed by an African American to be performed by a major orchestra.

Still

________ reduced the amount of musical material audiences had to digest, focused on sound in the moment, and changed dynamic levels, textures, and harmonies slowly.

Minimalism

Terry Riley’s In C has the ________ decide how the piece is created and formed.

performers

The _______ and other Reformed Protestants strongly opposed theatre performances because they were secular institutions filled with vagrant actors.

Puritans

A _____ opera tells a story in the same manner as the broadside ballads of the time—new text sung to familiar tunes chosen with poignant purpose.

ballad

The _______ Opera by John Gay challenged conventional social and moral issues head-on.

Beggar’s

William Henry Fry’s _______ became the first grand opera to be composed and performed in the United States.

Leonora

________ from the 1880s onwards combined a wide range of participants into a single variety show.

Vaudeville

George M. ______ patriotic songs like “I’m A Yankee Doodle Dandy” (1904) and “You’re A Grand Old Flag” (1906) appealed to the growing sense of nationalism in the United States at the time.

Cohan

Broadway theaters began presenting a more accessible theatre genre with qualities of both opera and musicals called ________.

operettas