Last Quiz (Echinodermata and Chordata)

Madreporite - Stone Canal - ring canal - radial canal - ampullae - tube feet

Water vascular system

Class Crinoidea

• Sea lillies and feather stars

• Stalked 

  • Attached to aboral side 

• Mouth and anus on oral side 

• Madreporite is absent 

  • uses coelomicc fluid 

• Feathery pinnules on branched arms 

  • Sticky mucus for filter feeding 

• Dominant features of pre-historic oceans 

• Uses structures called cirri to attach to the ocean floor to “walk” or swim 

Class Ophiuroidea

• Brittle stars and basket stars

• long slender arms

  • distinct from central disc

• Madreporite on oral surface

• With calcareous shields on the aboral for support 

• No ambulacral groove 

  • Groove on underside of each arm found on sea stars 

• tube feet lacks suckers 

  • not for locomotion 

• Incomplete gut 

Class Echinoidea 

• Sea urchins and sand dollars 

• body sphedrical or disc shape with no arms 

• Endoskeleton plates fused to form test 

• Tube feet with suckers 

• Well-developed movable spines 

  • can be toxic

• Have aristotles lantern for feeding

• Anus and madreporite on aboral surface

Class Holothuroidea 

• Sea cucumbers 

• Cylindrical body without arms 

• Pentaradial symmetry shown in 5 stripes 

• Tube feet with suckers 

• Mouth surrounded by branching tentacles 

• Madreporite is internal 

  • lies free in the coelomic cavity

• uses respiratory tree for gas exchange

• Eviscretion of cuverian tubules is another example of autonomy in echinoderms

Class asteroidea 

• sea stars 

• arms indistinct from central disc 

• Ambulacral grooves with tube feet 

  • tube feet have suckers

• Typically have two stomach

  • Cardiac Stomach

  • Pyloric stomach

• Anus and madreporite on aboral surface

Subphylum uruochordata

• Tunicates + sea squirts

• Larvae are free swimming and displays all four chordata characteristics

• Adults are sessile and have reabsorbed their nerve cord, notochord, and post anal tail

  • uses phyrangeal slits to filter feed

• Only chordate to have open circulatory system

Subphylum Cephalochordata 

• lanceletes 

• displays all four characteristics throughout entire life 

• first group to have dorsal/ventral aorta and segmented musculature (myomeres) 

• Closed circulatory system

Subphylum Craniata Class Myxini

• Hagfish/slime hags 

• jawless without a vertebral column 

• Excrete copious amounts of mucus when threatened 

subphylum craniata Class Petromyzontida 

• lampreys 

• most basal group of vertebrates 

  • no true bony vertebrates

• Jawless with horny toothlike structure 

• Can pump water directly into and out of their seven gill cavities through seperate gill slits 

• Ectoparasites 

Subphylum craniata Class Chondrichthyes

• Jawed chordates 

• Sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras 

• Cartilaginous fishes 

• Typically have 5 gill slits on either side of head 

• Internal fertilization 

• Many have spiracles behind each eye

  • draws in water for respiration 

• Body covered in placoid scales made of dentin 

  • Minute scales similar in structure to their teeth 

• Ampullae of lorenzi 

  • electroreception 

• Lateral line 

  • detects movement, vibration, and pressure in the water 

• Reproduction 

  • Oviparous 

    • egg laying 

  • Ovoviviparous 

    • Young fed with yolk sac 

  • Viviparous 

    • live birth with young fed by placenta 

Subphylum Craniata Class Actinopterygii

• ray-finned fishes

• dominant class of vertebrates 

• Found in fresh and marine 

• Gills covered in operculum

• Scales made of dermal bone 

• Have lateral line 

Heterocercal

• Vertebra extend into upper lobe making it longer

Homocercal

• Vertebra terminate just after caudal peduncle 

Clade vertebrata 

• includes

  • Class petromyzontida 

  • Class chondrichthyes 

  • Class Actinopterygii 

Clade Gnathostomata

• includes 

  • Class chondrichthyes 

  • Class Actinopterygii 

Clade osteichthyes

• Includes

  • Class actinopertygii

Subphylum craniata Class amphibia

• Frogs, toads, salamanders

• Still tied to water

  • many start life as aquatic larvae

• Characteristics

  • ectothermic

  • respire through lungs/gills and skin

  • Complete metamorphosis

  • External fertilization

  • Once neck vertebra

  • 3 chambered heart

Subphylum craniata class amphibia order anura

• frogs and toads

• Greatly modified for jumping

• elongated limbs and ankle bones

• urostyle

• short stiff vertebral column with no ribs

Subphylum craniata class amphibia order urodela

• salamanders

• highly diverse in north america

• characteristics

  • costal grooves

  • toes without claws

  • longitudinal cloacal slit

Subphylum craniata class reptilia clade lepidosauria

• lizards, snakes, tuatara

• Defining features

  • transverse cloacal slit

• Loss of limbs often occurs in burrowing lineages

subphylum craniata class reptilia clade archosauria

• crocodillians, birds, and dinosaurs

• 2 major clades within the archosaurs

  • evolutionary lineage to birds

  • evolutionary lineage to crocs

• Crocodillians → ectothermic

• Birds → endothermic

  • Adaptations for flight

    • hollow limb bones

    • kneel on sternum

    • air sacs

    • unidirectional air flow within lungs

    • feathers

• Oviparous reproduction

subphylum craniata class reptilia clade testudines

• turtles (aquatic) and tortoises (terrestrial)

• Body encased in protective shell

  • carapace (top)

    • Fused ribs, vertebrae, dermal bone

  • Plastron (bottom)

    • dermal bone on ventral side

  • Scoutes

    • scales on carapace/shell

  • Limbs on inside of rib cage

Subphylum craniata class mammalia clade monotremata

• platypus and echidna

• only oviparous mammal

Subphylum craniata class mammalia clade metaheria

• marsupials

• viviparous

  • finish development in marsupium

Subphylum craniata class mammalia clade eutheria

• placental mammals

  • vast majority of mammalia

• viviparous with placenta

  • complete development in womb

  • embryos nourished via true placenta

  • born as fully functioning mini adults