Blood & Body Fluids pt 1
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94 Terms
Q: What % of TBW is in the ICF?
A: ~66%
Q: Main solute in ICF?
A: Potassium (K⁺)
Q: Main solute in ECF?
A: Sodium (Na⁺)
Q: Is osmolarity the same in ICF and ECF?
A: Yes — to maintain balance
Q: What separates plasma and interstitial fluid?
A: Capillary epithelium
Q: What separates ICF from ECF?
A: Cell membrane
Q: What is osmolarity?
A: Total solute concentration per litre of fluid
Q: What direction does water move in osmosis?
A: From low to high osmolarity
Q: Which ion is higher in ECF?
A: Sodium (Na⁺)
Q: Which ion is higher in ICF?
A: Potassium (K⁺)
Q: What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
A: They swell
Q: What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
A: They shrink
Q: Does osmosis require energy?
A: Nope — passive!
Q: What triggers thirst?
A: ↑ Plasma osmolarity and ↓ plasma volume
Q: What hormone helps retain water in the kidneys?
A: ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Q: What’s the biggest source of water gain?
A: Beverages
Q: What’s the biggest form of water loss?
A: Urine (but depends on activity/situation)
Q: Name three types of obligatory water loss
A: Insensible loss (evaporation), feces, minimum urine
Q: What hormone increases K⁺ secretion?
A: Aldosterone
Q: What are the three actions of PTH?
Bone breakdown (osteoclast activation)
Ca²⁺ reabsorption in kidney (DCT)
Calcitriol activation for Ca²⁺ gut absorption
Q: What ion is Cl⁻ tied to in reabsorption?
A: Sodium (Na⁺)
Q: What is pH? (Power of Hydrogen)
A: A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a fluid
Q: What happens to protein structure when pH is too high or low?
A: Proteins become damaged or "cooked" (denatured)
Q: What’s the normal pH range of blood?
A: 7.35–7.45
Q: Name the main acid-base buffer in blood
A: Bicarbonate buffer system (HCO₃⁻)
Q: What type of solute is an acid?
A: One that releases H⁺ ions
Q: What type of solute is a base?
A: One that accepts H⁺ ions or releases OH⁻
Q: What are the 3 main buffer systems in the body?
A: Bicarbonate, Protein, Phosphate
Q: What two organs excrete acids?
A: Lungs and Kidneys
Q: What does bicarbonate do in acid–base balance?
A: Buffers H⁺ ions (acts as an alkaline reserve)
Q: What happens to blood pH if you slow your breathing?
A: It becomes more acidic (respiratory acidosis)
Q: Which buffer system works inside cells and urine?
A: Phosphate buffer
Q: What portion of the ECF does interstitial fluid make up?
A: 4/5 of the ECF
Q: Is interstitial fluid part of the ICF or ECF?
A: Part of the ECF
Q: What is osmolarity?
A: The total concentration of all solutes in a solution
Q: Which structure regulates both water intake and output?
A: Hypothalamus
Q: What are three ways water is lost from te tinana under normal conditions?
A: Urine, sweat, and feces, evaporation via skin, evaporation via lungs
Q: Why is sodium (Na⁺) balance so important in body fluids?
A: Sodium is the most abundant solute in ECF and strongly influences osmolarity
Q: Do acids pick up or release H⁺ ions in solution?
A: Acids release H⁺ ions
Q: What percentage of plasma is water?
A: Over 90%
Q: What is the most abundant plasma protein?
A: Albumin
Q: What are three functions of plasma proteins?
A: Transport, clotting, immune protection (also: buffering & osmotic pressure)
Q: Name three nutrients transported by plasma.
A: Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
Q: Where do plasma nutrients come from?
A: Absorbed from the GI tract after digestion
Q: What hormone regulates plasma nutrient levels?
A: Several — e.g. insulin, glucagon, cortisol (depending on the nutrient)
Q: What type of solute contributes the most to plasma osmolarity?
A: Electrolytes — especially sodium (Na⁺)
Q: Why is osmolarity important?
A: It controls water movement between fluid compartments and affects cell volume
Q: What are the two main respiratory gases in plasma?
A: Oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Q: Where is most O₂ carried in the blood?
A: Bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs)
Q: Is any O₂ dissolved in plasma?
A: Yes, a small amount
Q: What waste product is produced during cellular respiration?
A: Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Q: Name three ways CO₂ is transported in blood.
A: Dissolved in plasma, bound to haemoglobin, as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)
Q: Where are hormones released from?
A: Endocrine organs
Q: How do hormones travel through the body?
A: Dissolved in the plasma of the blood
Q: What do hormones bind to on target cells?
A: Specific receptors
Q: What is a hormone’s half-life?
A: The time it takes for its concentration in the blood to reduce by half
Q: Do all hormones stay at the same levels in the blood?
A: No — some stay constant (e.g. thyroid), others fluctuate (e.g. insulin, cortisol)
Q: Why are hormones important for homeostasis?
A: They regulate cellular activities that maintain balance in the body
Q: What is the source of carbon dioxide in the blood?
A: Cellular respiration
Q: What waste product comes from protein breakdown?
A: Urea
Q: What waste is formed from DNA and RNA breakdown?
A: Uric acid
Q: What waste is produced by muscle activity?
A: Creatinine
Q: What is bilirubin a by-product of?
A: Red blood cell (RBC) breakdown
Q: How are most waste products excreted?
A: By the kidneys, liver, and lungs
Q: Why is it important to transport wastes in the plasma?
A: To prevent toxic build-up and allow excretion from the body
Q: What are the three formed elements of blood?
A: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Q: What’s the origin of all blood cells?
A: A haematopoietic stem cell in red bone marrow
Q: Which blood cell has no nucleus and carries haemoglobin?
A: Erythrocyte (RBC)
Q: Which formed element is a cell fragment?
A: Thrombocyte (platelet)
Q: Which cells live the longest and come in five types?
A: Leukocytes (WBCs)
Q: How long do red blood cells live?
A: About 120 days
Q: What process forms all blood cells?
A: Haematopoiesis
Q: Where does haematopoiesis occur?
A: In red bone marrow
Q: What shape is an erythrocyte (RBC)?
A: Biconcave disc
Q: What protein do RBCs contain for gas transport?
A: Haemoglobin
Q: How many O₂ molecules can one haemoglobin carry?
A: 4
Q: How many haemoglobin molecules are in one RBC?
A: About 250 million
Q: Where are RBCs produced?
A: Red bone marrow
Q: What hormone stimulates RBC production?
A: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Q: What triggers EPO release?
A: Low blood oxygen levels
Q: How long do RBCs live in circulation?
A: Around 120 days
Q: Where are old RBCs broken down?
A: Liver, spleen, and bone marrow (by macrophages)
Q: What happens to haem after RBC breakdown?
A: It’s turned into bilirubin and excreted in bile
Q: What happens to globin after RBC breakdown?
A: Broken into amino acids and reused
Q: What happens to iron after RBC breakdown?
A: Stored or recycled, carried by transferrin
What is Erythropoiesis?
Erythropoiesis = the process of making red blood cells (RBCs)
Q: What vitamins/minerals are needed for erythropoiesis?
A: Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid
Q: What causes the yellow appearance in neonatal jaundice?
A: Bilirubin deposits in the skin and eyes
Q: Why do neonates break down more RBCs?
A: Fetal RBCs have a shorter lifespan and are broken down faster than adult RBCs are made
Q: What is the liver’s role in jaundice?
A: It conjugates bilirubin for excretion and makes albumin to bind it in the blood
Q: Why is GI function relevant to neonatal jaundice?
A: Slower gut movement allows bilirubin reabsorption back into the blood
Q: What percentage of term neonates experience jaundice?
A: 60–70%
Q: What percentage of preterm neonates experience jaundice?
A: Up to 90%
Q: Does neonatal jaundice always require treatment?
A: No — in most term babies, it resolves as the liver matures