Pearson Foundations of Reading Test

phonological skills

an awareness of sounds (syllables, onset- rime)

syntax

understanding sentence structure and grammar rules

morphological skills

understanding word parts and their meaning

Pragmatics

understanding communication rules (social)

Semantics / vocabulary

understanding word and phrase meanings

The things that make up oral language

phonological skills, syntax, morphological skills, pragmatics, semantics/vocabulary

phonemes

individual speech sounds

graphemes

letter/letter combinations that represent phonemes

vowels

sounds that are produced without closing the vocal tract

dipthongs

two vowels in the same syllable that "glide" from one vowel sound into another (e.g., oy in boy)

semivowels

the consonants y and w, which may also act as vowels in some instances (e.g., -ay, -ow)

consonants

sounds produced through a partially or completely closed vocal tract

place of articulation

refers to where the sound is produced in the mouth and how different parts of the vocal tract interact with the produced sound.

manner of articulation

refers to how the airflow is restricted or affected during the formation of the sound. 

fricatives

consonants produced when the air moving through the mouth creates audible friction

nasals

consonants produced when air moves through both the nose and mouth in the production of sound

affricatives

combination of stop sounds and fricatives

stop sounds

consonant sounds in which the vocal tract is blocked so that al airflow stops

morphemes

the smallest meaningful units of language that have meaning

They can either be words themselves or parts of words like prefixes and suffixes.

(ex. I, the, re-, un-, apple, basket, -s,-y)