3.3- Main weaknesses of secular approaches to psychology

Introduction to Psychology: (pp. 33-34)

Answer: C) It offers only an impoverished view of human nature.

Explanation:
The passage says many philosophers and scientists recognize “that scientific naturalism provides an impoverished view of human nature and does not adequately account for the complexities and mysteries of life and of the universe.”

Source: (p. 33)

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Simplified:
Recently, philosophers and scientists have started to see the flaws in their own theories. Many now believe that "scientific naturalism offers a limited understanding of human nature and fails to fully explain life's and the universe's complexities and mysteries."

Meaning of "impoverished":
In this context, "impoverished" means lacking depth, richness, or completeness. It suggests that scientific naturalism provides an overly narrow or incomplete view of human nature, ignoring important aspects like consciousness, meaning, or spirituality.

According to the passage, what is one limitation of scientific naturalism?

A) It fully explains the complexities of human consciousness.
B) It provides a rich, holistic view of human nature.
C) It offers only an impoverished view of human nature.
D) It strongly supports spiritual dimensions of life.
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Keywords:
1- Scientific Naturalism: الطبيعية العلمية، نازانم
2- Human Consciousness: الوعي البشري، نازانم
3- Holistic View: نظرة شاملة، نازانم
4- Impoverished View: رؤية مُقتضبة، نازانم
5- Spiritual Dimensions: الأبعاد الروحية، نازانم
6- Spirituality: الروحانية، نازانم

Answer: B) Deterministic, relativistic, and nihilistic

Explanation:
Griffin stated that “Atheism combined with sensationism and materialism results in a deterministic, relativistic, and nihilistic worldview where life has no ultimate meaning.”

Source: (p. 33)——————————————————————————————
Griffin (likely referring to David Ray Griffin, a philosopher and theologian) argues that atheism, when combined with sensationism (the epistemological view that all knowledge comes solely from sensory experience) and materialism (the metaphysical view that only physical matter exists), leads to a worldview that is:

• Deterministic (human actions are fully caused by prior physical events, leaving no room for free will),

• Relativistic (no objective moral or metaphysical truths, since all knowledge is based on subjective sensory experience),

• Nihilistic (life has no inherent meaning or purpose in a purely material, godless universe).

In Griffin's critique, sensationism reinforces materialism by rejecting any non-physical or transcendent basis for knowledge, contributing to a worldview that lacks objective meaning (nihilism), fixed truths (relativism), or free will (determinism).

Griffin argues that atheism combined with sensationism and materialism leads to which worldview?

A) Humanistic and optimistic
B) Deterministic, relativistic, and nihilistic
C) Theistic and purpose-driven
D) Mystical and transcendent——————————————————————————————Keywords:
1- Sensationism: الحسيّة، نازانم
2- Materialism: المادية، نازانم
3- Deterministic: حتمية، نازانم
4- Relativistic: نسبية، نازانم
5- Nihilistic: عدمية، نازانم

Answer: B) Mind, consciousness, morality, responsibility, meaning, purpose, and faith in God.

Explanation:
The passage says scientific naturalism is inadequate because it denies or trivializes important aspects of humans like the mind, consciousness, morality, responsibility, meaning, purpose, and faith in God.

Source: (p. 33)

Which of the following aspects does scientific naturalism deny or trivialize, according to behavioral scientists?

A) Basic physical needs
B) Mind, consciousness, morality, responsibility, meaning, purpose, and faith in God.
C) Genetic inheritance
D) Observational learning
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Keywords:
1- Deny: ينكر، نازانم
2- Trivialize: التقليل من الأهمية، نازانم
3- Behavioral Scientists: علماء السلوك، نازانم
4- Basic Physical Needs: الاحتياجات الجسدية الأساسية، نازانم
5- Morality: الأخلاق، نازانم
6- Genetic Inheritance: الوراثة الجينية،
7- Observational Learning: التعلم بالملاحظة
8- Faith in God: الإيمان بالله، نازانم
9- Important Aspects of Humans: الجوانب المهمة للإنسان، نازانم

Answer: C) They may set a person far from the straight path, harming spiritual well-being.

Explanation:
Zarabozo warns that man-made theories or distorted scriptures can be very dangerous, leading people away from the straight path and harming their spiritual well-being.

Source: (p. 34)
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the term "spiritual purification" means:
The process of cleansing or purifying the soul from spiritual impurities — such as sins, bad habits, false beliefs, or moral corruption — in order to draw closer to God (or the divine), attain inner peace, and achieve moral and spiritual growth.

It generally implies:

• removing negative influences or moral stains from the heart and soul,

• becoming more righteous, sincere, and aligned with divine truth or moral goodness,

• preparing oneself for salvation, enlightenment, or a closer relationship with God.

According to Zarabozo, what is a danger of man-made theories or distorted scriptures?

A) They always align with true revelation.
B) They can lead to spiritual purification.
C) They may set a person far from the straight path, harming spiritual well-being.
D) They focus on the unseen spiritual elements.
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Keywords:
1- Man-made Theories: النظريات من صنع الإنسان، نازانم
2- Distorted Scriptures: الكتاب المقدس المشوه (النصوص المُحرّفة)، نازانم
3- Harming: ضرر، نازانم
4- Unseen Spiritual Elements: العناصر الروحية غير المرئية، نازانم

Answer: C) They give excessive emphasis to spiritual purification.

Explanation:
The passage says secular approaches lack emphasis on spirituality, not that they overemphasize it. The other options reflect weaknesses Zarabozo mentioned.

Source: (pp. 34-35)

Which of the following is not listed by Zarabozo as a weakness of secular approaches to psychology?

A) They view humans as independent of their Creator.
B) They rely solely on human intellect, ignoring revelation.
C) They give excessive emphasis to spiritual purification.
D) They ignore the spiritual and unseen aspects of humans.
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Keywords:
1- Secular Approaches: الأساليب العلمانية، نازانم
2- They’re Independent of Their Creator: مستقلون عن خالقهم، نازانم
3- Human Intellect: العقل البشري، نازانم
4- Ignoring Revelation: تجاهل الوحي، نازانم
5- Excessive Emphasis: التركيز المفرط، نازانم

Answer: B) It overlooks key human aspects like meaning and purpose, which are critical for healing and growth.

Explanation:
The text notes that scientific naturalism is especially inadequate for helpers, because it neglects elements like meaning, morality, and faith—essential in healing and personal growth.

Source: (p. 33)

Why is scientific naturalism seen as particularly inadequate for helping professionals?

A) It fully incorporates spirituality into therapy.
B) It overlooks key human aspects like meaning and purpose, which are critical for healing and growth.
C) It avoids research on human behavior.
D) It teaches unconditional faith in all man-made theories.
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Keywords:
1- Scientific Naturalism: الطبيعية العلمية، نازانم
2- It Fully incorporate: تدمج بشكل كامل، نازانم
3- It overlooks key human aspects: يتجاهل جوانب إنسانية أساسية، نازانم
4- Avoid: تتجنب، نازانم
5- It teaches Unconditional Faith: تُعلّم الإيمان غير المشروط، نازانم
6- Man-made Theories: النظريات من صنع الإنسان، نازانم
7- Inadequate: غير كافية، نازانم
8- Personal Growth: النمو الشخصي، نازانم

Answer: B) They discount revelation from the Creator.

Explanation:
Zarabozo criticizes secular theories for being based solely on human intellect alone, while discounting divine revelation from the creator.

Source: (p. 34)

What does Zarabozo say about theories based purely on human intellect?

A) They are always accurate.
B) They discount revelation from the Creator.
C) They emphasize spiritual knowledge.
D) They improve moral responsibility.
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Keywords:
1- Theories based purely on human intellect:
النظريات المبنية على العقل البشري فقط، نازانم
2- They discount revelation from the Creator:
تُقلل من شأن الوحي من الخالق، نازانم
3- They Emphasize Spiritual Knowledge:
تُركز على المعرفة الروحية، نازانم
4- They Improve Moral Responsibility:
تُعزز المسؤولية الأخلاقية، نازانم
5- Divine Revelation: الوحي الإلهي، نازانم

Answer: A) They can trick people into believing untrue and harmful ideas, blinding them to their misguidance.

Explanation:
The passage warns that cleverly stated false theories or distorted scriptures can mislead people, causing them to become blind to their misguidance.

Source: (p.34)

According to the passage, why might false but cleverly stated arguments be harmful?

A) They can trick people into believing untrue and harmful ideas, blinding them to their misguidance.
B) Guiding people to better critical thinking.
C) They always direct people to the truth.
D) Discouraging belief in human intellect.
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Keywords:
1- According to the passage: وفقًا للنص، نازانم
2- Why might false but cleverly stated arguments be harmful?:
لماذا قد تكون الحجج الزائفة، وإن كانت مُصاغة بذكاء، ضارة؟، نازانم
3- Trick people into believing: خداع الناس ليصدقوا، نازانم
4- Guiding people to better critical thinking:
قيادة الناس إلى التفكير النقدي الأفضل، نازانم
5- Discouraging belief in human intellect:
تُثبط الإيمان بالعقل البشري، نازانم
6- Misguidance: ضلال، نازانم
7- False Theories: النظريات الزائفة (الكاذبة)، نازانم
8- Distorted Scriptures: النصوص المُحرّفة، نازانم
9- It can mislead people: يمكن أن يضلل الناس، نازانم