A&P exam 2

erythrocytes

carry oxygen (RBC)

thrombocytes

help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels (platelets)

hematopoiesis

production of all blood cells

erythropoiesis

production of RBC

what hormone is released from cells in the kidney in response to hypoxia

erythropoietin

every heme group can carry __ molecule(s) of oxygen

1

__ heme group(s) can attach to each globin molecule

4

thrombopoiesis

production of platelets

white blood cells are known as

leukocytes

which WBC are granular

basophil

neutrophil

eosinophil

which WBC are agranular

lymphocyte

monocyte

neutrophil function

phagocytosis

diapedesis

to go from circulation into tissue spaces

chemotaxis

attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at site of infection

functions of eosinophils

anti-inflammatory, immunity, phagocytosis

basophils

initiate inflammation and allergic reactions

what is the largest WBC

monocyte

what is the primary WBC

lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

cell-mediated immunity

activate B cells

B lymphocytes

produces one specific antibody

natural killer cells

do not have to be activated

B cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells. this is an example of

humoral immunity

what cells can become memory cells

T and B cells

thymus processes thymocytes and

t cells

nonspecific immunity responds to all antigens

the same way

mechanical/chemical barriers, inflammatory response, phagocytosis, and NK cells all use

nonspecific immunity

how do B cells use specific immunity

they produce antibodies or direct other cells to attack

Specific immunity response is initiated as a reaction to the ___ invading the cell’s wall

epitope

humoral immune response (can/cannot) produce memory cells

can

a T lymphocyte that transforms into a T cell after stimulation

T cells enter circulation and travel

can produce memory cells

cell-mediated immune response

IgG

made during first exposure

IgM

made during second exposure; or when exposed for a long time

IgA

can leave blood and enter tissue; protects mucosal surfaces

IgE

allergic response

passive immunity

antibodies passed from mother

active immunity

vaccines

produces memory cells

which neurotransmitters are associated with fight or flight

norepinephrine

epinephrine

lifespan of RBC in:

dogs

cats

horses

cattle

110 days

68 days

150 days

160 days

basic functional unit of nerve

neuron

conducts nerve impulses away from cell

axon

dendrite

conduct stimuli to the cell body

autonomic nervous system

controls automatic functions (breathing)

somatic nervous system

actions under voluntary control

parasympathetic nervous system

nerves emerge from brain and sacral vertebral regions

nerves emerge from thoracic and lumbar vertebral regions

sympathetic nervous system

cranial nerve: I

olfactory - smell

optic - vision

cranial nerve: II

cranial nerve: III

oculomotor - pupil size, eye movement, focusing lens

cranial nerve:

IV

trochlear - pupil size

cranial nerve: V

trigeminal - chewing; sensations from heat and teeth

what cranial nerve is VI and associated with eye movement

abducent

cranial nerve: VII

facial - face movement

cranial nerve: VIII

vestibulocochlear - balance and hearing

cranial nerve: IX

glossopharyngeal - tongue movement

cranial nerve: X

vagus - GI and Resp tract

cranial nerve: XI

accessory - head movement

cranial nerve: hypoglossal - tongue movement

XII

palpebral reflex arc

light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink

proprioception

sense of body position and movement

pupillary light reflex

light shined in eye makes iris constrict

cerebellum

coordinated movement, balance, posture, complex reflexes

diencephalon

passageway between brainstem and cerebrum

thalamus

relay station for regulating sensory inputs to cerebrum

hypothalamus

interface between NS and ES

pituitary

endocrine master gland

pericardium

outer layer of heart

fibrous pericardium

protects heart - loosely connects to diaphragm

\- outer layer of pericardium -

serous pericardium

inner layer of pericardium

serous pericardium made up of

visceral layer

parietal layer

visceral layer of serous pericardium

inner layer

closely attached to muscle

parietal layer of serous pericardium

outer layer

between pericardium and fibrous pericardium

myocardium

thickest layer of heart tissue

endocardium

then membranous lining

between myocardium and chambers of heart

deoxygenated blood pumped through the lungs to pick up oxygen

pulmonic circulation

oxygenated blood pumped back into body from heart

systemic circulation

foramen ovale

between L and R atria

allows blood from right atrium to flow into left

fetal bypasses allow most of the blood to go bypass

pulmonary circulation

this bypass allows blood to flow from the pulmonary artery into the aorta

ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus bypass allows some of the blood to bypass the _____ . blood goes from umbilical vein to the bypass then into caudal VC to R atrium

liver

which valves are best heard on the left side of the chest

mitral

pulmonic

aortic

tricuspid valve is best heard on

right side of chest

which veins do we use on dogs and cats

cephalic

femoral

which vein is mostly used on only dogs

saphenous

what animals use coccygeal vein

ruminants and rodents

external respiration takes place in the lungs. more specifically

alveoli

internal respiration takes place

all over the body

upper respiratory tract

everything outside the lungs

ventral nasal meatus is the passageway we use. why?

it has direct access to pharynx and esophagus

pharynx

common passageway for both respiratory and digestive tract

respiratory passageway

nasopharynx

digestive passageway

oropharynx

larynx contains 2 major cartilages

(1) epilogttis and 2 arytenoid cartilages

trachea divides into 2 main bronchi that go into lungs. this is called

bifurcation of trachea

lower respiratory tract

inside the lungs

bronchus enters lungs and divides into

bronchi

bronchi divides into

bronchioles

bronchioles divide into

alveolar ducts

alveolar ducts divide into

groups of alveoli

apex of the lungs

cranial portion of the thoracic cavity

area between the left and right lung

mediastinum