growth and dev exam 1

What does plant physiology mean?

the study of how plants function physically and chemically

What is the difference between anatomy and morphology?

internal structure vs overall form

Why are liverworts a problem in nursery production?

they retain moisture which can lead to disease and pests. They also are non-native to some places.

What are two differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

One produces fruit and covered seed, the other has no flowers and has naked seed

What’s the difference between a fruit and a vegetable?

fruit arises from flowers and has seeds, vegetables are only the vegetative part of the plant

List three types of produce that are true fruits but often called vegetables?

tomatoes, cucumbers, bell peppers

What are three types of produce that are true vegetables?

carrots, beets, onion

What are the vegetative plant organs? Reproductive?

Leaf, root, stem. Flower, fruit, cone

What is a cotyledon?

seed leaves

What are the differences between a monocot and dicot in terms of flowers, leaves, and stems?

monocot flowers in 3s, dicots in 4s or 5s. Monocot leaves have parallel venation, dicot leaves have branching venation. Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles, dicot stems have vascular bundles in rings.

Give some examples of plants that are monocots. List some plants that are dicots.

corn, rice, lilies. Tomatoes, sunflowers, peas

What are the three parts of the seed and what are their functions?

seed coat, protects seed, controls germination. Embryo, what the new plant forms from. Endosperm, nutrients for the embryo

What is double fertilization and what does it produce?

two separate sperm cells fuse with an egg and a polar nuclei, creates the embryo and endosperm

What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious?

male and female flower on one plant, male and female flowers on different plants

What are the different types of flowers as classified by reproductive parts present?

pistillate for female, staminate for male

Label the parts of a flower.

stigma, style, ovary, ovule, anther, filament, sepal, pedicel, receptacle.

What does totipotent mean?

Every plant cell contains all genetic information to make new plant

What makes chloroplasts green?

chlorophyll

What are etioplasts and why do they form?

they are the precursors to chloroplasts, plants produce them when there is no light because chloroplasts are light dependent.

Describe the different components of a cell wall

Cellulose microfibrils stacked horizontally and vertically held together by glycan. Pectin cements between adjacent primary cell walls. Lignin gives structural strength.

Describe the structure of the membrane.

semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer. Composed of phospholipid heads that are hydrophilic, and fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic

Describe some ways that proteins associate with membranes.

account for 50% of membrane composition. they can be peripheral (on the surface) or integral (spanning the entire membrane)

What do plasmodesmata do?

exchanges solutes between cells

List in order the three steps in cell development.

cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation

What is the driving force for cell elongation?

water intake that increases turgor pressure

What do expansin proteins do?

loosen cell walls to allow for cell growth. Disrupt hydrogen bonds between microfibrils and glycan

What is the difference between symplast and apoplast? What parts of the plant are included in each?

live region inside cell, phloem, cytoplasm, plasmodesmata. Non living outside of cell, xylem, cell wall.

What does the shoot apical meristem produce?

leaves, stem, and vascular bundles

What are some functions of the leaf cuticle?

decrease water loss, protection, reduce nutrient leaching

Describe the process of stomata opening and closing.

guard cells around stomata increase in turgor pressure which causes expansion. This expansion creates buckling effect and opens stomata, once they lose turgor pressure, they close.

How does potassium content in the guard cells affect stomata opening and closing.

potassium draws water into the guard cells that increases the turgor pressure that causes which causes the buckling effect that opens and closes the stomata

How do stomata arrangement and distribution differ between monocots and dicots?

they are on the top and bottom of the leaf and are less frequent and more orderly. stomata are on the bottom of the leaf and are more frequent and random.

What do stomata control?

CO2 intake and water loss

Be able to label leaf anatomy.

lamina, midvein, petiole, apex

How do leaf anatomy and morphology change given a leaf’s light environment?

sun leaves are typically thicker and have small lamia. Shade leaves are thinner with large lamia. The palisade mesophyll thickens in sun exposure

How does leaf anatomy differ for monocots vs dicots?

Monocots have no palisade mesophyll and the stoma are placed more regularly placed, dicots have palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll and the stoma are more random and more prevalent on the bottom side of leaf

What are some tissues that are unique to gymnosperm leaf anatomy?

resin ducts

How do apical meristems differ from lateral meristems?

apical meristems produce vertical growth and lateral increase horizontal growth of the stem

What tissues do apical meristem layers L1, L2, L3 produce, respectively?

Epidermis, procambium (vascular cambium in dicots), ground meristem.

Be able to label stem anatomy.

monocot stems have parenchyma, vascular bundles randomly around the stem. Dicots have cortex, xylem and phloem in a ring, and vascular cambium

What produces xylem and phloem in the stem in monocots? Dicots?

Procambium in monocots, vascular cambium in dicots

What is unique about xylem cell differentiation?

it goes through autolysis, programmed cell death

What are the different cell types in phloem and how do they work together?

Sieve cells and companion cells. They require each other and provide metabolic support for the phloem

What are the different types of xylem cells, and how do they differ?

vessel elements are short and wide with flat ends. Trachids are long and thin with tapering ends

Ringed (annular), spiral (helical), scalariform, and pitted refer to what?

different vessel elements in xylem

What are some pros and cons of woody perennial growth habits?

pros are longevity and long reproduction. Cons are it has to defend itself for many years and needs to supply water and nutrients to canopy

Where do secondary xylem and phloem form relative to primary xylem and phloem, Respectively?

The secondary xylem forms outside of the primary xylem and the secondary phloem forms inside of the primary phloem

What is the function of vascular rays?

to transport water radially

How do heartwood and sapwood differ?

heartwood is dark, nonconducting and the xylem is sealed with a plug. Sapwood is light, conducting and porous

The chlorophyll molecule has two main structures. What are they and what do each of them do?

pophryn head group absorbs sunlight. hydro-carbon tail attaches to the thylakoid membrane.

Besides C, H, and O, what plant nutrients are a part of the chlorophyll molecule

Magnesium and Nitrogen

How does wavelength and frequency determine the energy of light?

higher frequency and shorter wavelengths created higher energy

What are the units for light wavelength and frequency?

nanometers

Quality describes a light source’s ______, while intensity describes a light source’s _____.

wavelength, energy

What wavelengths of light are most important for photosynthesis?

Red, 640 - 670. Blue 420 - 470.

What is the speed of light?

3x1^8 m/s

What pigments give plant parts a yellow appearance? Red?

xanthophyll, betacyanins and betaxanthins