Bio 1 Unit Exam

Hypothesis

Hypothesis

Possible explanation of a natural event or observation

Prediction

Proposal or claim of what testing will show if hypothesis is correct.

Experiment

Controlled procedure to gather observations that can be compared to prediction.

Control Group

Standard group you compare test group against.

Variable

Aspect of an object or event that may differ with time or between subjects

Conclusion

Statement that evaluates hypothesis based on test results

Basic characteristics of life

Consists of one or more cells, maintains homeostasis, sense and respond to changes in environment, takes in energy, reproduce and grow based on DNA

Atom

Made of subatomic particles

Molecule

Combination of atoms

Cell

Smallest unit of life, built from atoms and molecules

Tissue

Built from multiple cells

Organ

Made of multiple tissues

Organ system

Made of many organs

Organism

Made of multiple organ systems

Steps of critical thinking

Evaluate your information objectively, evaluate the source of info, evaluate the content of the info

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Atoms are made of subatomic particles

Elements

Pure substances, basic, raw material, contains one type of atom, can’t be broken up

Four main elements in organism

Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen

Isotope

A varying form of an atom, same atomic number but different atomic mass

4 chemical bonds

How many chemical bonds can carbon form?

Orbital

The path electrons follow

Shell

Electrons of the same distance from nucleus

Valance shell

Outermost shell

Hydrogen

The simplest atom and the weakest bond

Compound

Combination of two or more elements

No charge

Atoms in natural form carry

Ionic bond

Bond that joins atoms with opposite charges together

Covalent bond

A bond where atoms share two electrons

Hydrogen bond

A weak link formed between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom.

Polar covalent bond

Bond that does not pull equally on electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

A bond that has an equal pull on electrons

Hydrophilic

Can be dissolved in water

Hydrophobic

Non water loving molecule

Nonpolar

Hydrophobic molecules are…

Full valence shell

An atom is most stable when it has a

Very stable bond

Covalent bonds are a…

H2O

___ is a polar covalent bond

Condensation reactions (water as byproduct)

An anabolic reaction where two molecules covalently bond into larger one.

Hydrolysis reaction

Water molecule splits one or more chemical bonds into smaller ones, this is a catabolic reaction

Carbohydrate

Monomer: monosaccharide

Lipid

Monomer: glycerol and fatty acids, Store energy, signaling molecules, structural materials, phospholipids build cell membrane

Protiens

Monomer: amino acids

Nucleic acids

Monomer: nucleotides

Carbohydrates

Macromolecule used for energy

Polar heads

____ made of phosphate

Phospholipid Bilayer

Cell membrane consists of a ____

Amino acids are composed of

A central carbon atom with four groups attached to it, hydrogen atom, amino group, carbonyl group, and radical group/side chain.

Polypeptide

Polymers of amino acids

Enzymes

A protein that can serve as a catalyst and speed up chemical reactions.

Primary Structure

An amino acid sequence

Secondary structure

Hydrogen bonding, alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

Tertiary structure

Continued hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, tucking away hydrophobic amino acids

Quaternary structure

Two or more polypeptide chains join together

Quaternary structure

A protein is fully functional at the ____

Nucleotides

ATP involved in chemical reactions, sugars such as ribose, and DNA are ____

Nitrogenous Base

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) only found in DNA, Uracil (U) only found in RNA

Messenger

RNA can act as a _____ molecule both inside and outside the nucleus

RNA

_____ serves to regulate cellular metabolism, produce protiens, and govern developmental timing.

Cell Theory

Smallest unit of life is a cell, every organism is composed of at least one cell, all cells come from preexisting cells through cell division, all cells contain DNA, and all metabolic processes occur within the cell.

Prokaryotic Cell

Bacteria, DNA is not enclosed in nucleus, few if no organelles

Eukaryotic Cells

Organelles, nucleus

Cytology

The study of cells

Lipids

What is the biomolecule that makes up the plasma membrane?

Cell membrane

Composed of two layers of phospholipids, hydrophilic polar heads, hydrophobic nonpolar tails

Diffusion

Dissolved ion or molecule moves down the concentration gradient

Passive transport

Does not require energy

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradient.

Hypotonic solution

Lower solute concentration outside of cell than inside of cell. This causes a cell to swell.

Isotonic solution

Same solute concentration inside and outside cell. No change in cell.

Hypertonic solution

Higher solute concentration outside of cell than inside of cell. This causes cell to shrivel.

Transporter protiens

____ channel that helps solutes cross a membrane

Active transport

When a cell uses energy to move solutes against concentration gradient. Uses ATP

Passive transport process

Interchangeable with facilitated diffusion.

Nucleolus

Place of constructing ribosomes

Nuclear envelope

A double lipid bilayer.

Endoplasmic reticulum

A flattened channel, can be rough or smooth, lipid assembly and processing of polypeptide chains into protiens.

RER

Protiens synthesized by the ribosomes on its outer membrane.

SER

Synthesis of fatty acids and steroid horomones, smooth er

Golgi Body/Apparatus

Series of flattened sacs, enzymes inside finish the proteins and lipids and package them into complete molecules.

Lysosomes

Produced in the Golgi apparatus, specialized vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes, these are involved in intracellular digestion

Cytoskeleton

Is a system of interconnected fibers, threads, and lattices in the cytosine. This gives the cell its shape

Microfilaments

Long filaments constructed of actin protein subunits and are highly dynamic, these are responsible for cellular locomotion and muscle contractions, these establish basic strength and shape of cell.

Intermediate filaments

Strong cables of protein subunits, the protein type depends on the type of ___, these are stronger than microfilaments and they protect the cell from mechanical stress.

Microtubules

Long, tiny tubules made of tubulin protein subunits and are instrumental in chromosome movement during cell division.

Flagella

Nine pairs of microtubules ring a central pair of spokes and links provide structure, propel sperm

Cilia

Shorter than flagellla, in respiratory tract, capture dust and debris

Oxygen

The mitochondria requires ____ to produce ATP

Reactant

Any substance that takes part in metabolic reaction

Intermediate

Substances formed between the beginning and the end of a metabolic pathway

Product

Substance present at the end of a reaction or pathway

Steps of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Citric Acid Cycle

3. Electron Stransport

Glycogen

Excess glucose is stored as

Lactate fermentation

An ATP forming mechanism that converts pyruvate from glycolysis to lactic acid

Ligand Gated Channel

Upon a neurotransmitter binding to its target, Na+ is able to pass from the outside of the cell into the cytoplasm

Voltage Gated Channel

There is a change in membrane potential. This results in Ca2+ crossing the membrane and causing an increase in the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm.

Mechanically Gated Channel

A channel within your cells of the caratoid artery sensing an increase in blood pressure.

Always Open Gate

This channel regardless of ligand always has molecules passing through it.

Endocrine Cell Communication

Cell signals another cell across a greater distance, the response is likely to be slow but will be long lasting.

Autocrine Cell Communication

Cell targets itself with a signal

Paracrine Cell Communication

Cell sends message to its neighboring cell within close proximity.