Convex and concave mirrors/lenses

Concave(diverging) Lense/ Convex mirror

-Only virtual image

-Can only be upright

-Can only be diminished (smaller)

-Can't be beyond the mirror

-Can only have a negative focal length (means the Di is negative)

-Magnification is always LESS than or EQUAL too 1

Convex(converging) Lenses/ Concave mirror

-Can be real or virtual image

-Can be enlarged, diminished, or the same size as the object

-Magnification is GREATER than or EQUAL too 1

-Converging rays make a real image

-Diverging rays make virtual images

-The focal length will always be POSITIVE

-Will create real images if the object is beyond the focal point.

-Will create virtual images if the object is in front of the focal point.

Virtual images

-can be formed by convex, concave, and plane mirrors

-results when the refracted light rays DIVERGE

-cannot be projected onto a screen

-are always upright

-They appear to be located behind the lens or mirror (always located behind the mirror)

-Can be enlarged, diminished, or the same size as the object

-Will always have a positive magnification

-Left and right are reversed

Real Images

-Are formed when lIght rays CONVERGE

-They can be projected onto a screen

-They are always inverted

-They are formed in front of a concave MIRROR or a convex LENSE

-Can be magnified, reduced, or the same size as the object.

- images formed by converging rays that come together in a single point and produce an image in front of the mirror on a screen.

lens

is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses light using refraction, allowing for the formation of images

Refraction

Similar to sound; the only way to affect and change the speed of light is to change the medium in which the light is moving through.

When light travels through one medium into a new medium the light bends.

This bending is called refraction.

There is a law of refraction and equation called Snell's Law:

Light Speed

Light is a transverse wave that can move through a vacuum and has a constant speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s.

"Light" refers to any wave on the electromagnetic spectrum:

All the waves of the electromagnetic spectrum have the same, constant speed but they will have different wavelengths and frequencies.

The mirror Equation-Concave Mirrors

The object is located "inside" the mirror; therefore, the focal distance will always be positive.

Object located beyond the focal point:

Image will be real & inverted-image height & magnification will be negative.

Image distance will be positive.

Object located inside the focal point:

Image will be virtual & upright-image height & magnification will be positive.

Image distance will be negative.

No image when object is located at the focal point.

he Mirror Equation-Convex Mirrors

All images are virtual therefore:

Image height will always be positive

Magnification will be positive

Object is always located "outside" the mirror therefore:

The focal distance will always be negative.

The image distance will always be negative.

The image will always be smaller than the object; therefore, the magnification should always be 1 or less.

The image will always be inside the focal points; therefore, the image distance will be less than the focal distance.

The Mirror Equation

The focal point and center curvature is always on the concave side of the mirror- "the inside".

The side where is the object is located is always the positive side.

The opposite side from the object is the negative side.

A negative height values means the image is inverted.

Magnification larger than |1|means image is larger

Magnification less than |1| means image is smaller.

Magnification equal to |1| means the image and object are the same size.

A positive magnification means the image is upright and virtual.

A negative magnification means the image is inverted and real.

Concave

mirrors that are "curved inward" towards the object and usually focus light to make real images

Convex

mirrors that are "curved outward" away from the object and diverges light to make virtual images.

Flat mirror

-are the "simplest" mirrors.

-always produce virtual images, with left-right reversal.

-The object's image will appear as the same size as the object.

-The object's image distance will appear as the same as the object's distance from the mirror.

Converging rays

-lights rays from a source (mirror) that come together and meet at a point

Virtual images

- images formed by diverging rays that appear to come together at the image point behind the mirror.

Diverging ray

-light rays from a source (mirror) in all directions, moving away from each other never coming together.

the angle of incidence (θi).

he angle between the incident ray and the normal line is known as

the angle of reflection (θr).

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal line is known as

The Law of Reflection:

for a flat surface- the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.