Solid waste

What are the licensing required for solid waste disposal?

• required for all prescribed activities

• with speical conditions attached e.g., environment improvement programs, codes of practices/guidleines

• works approval - required for any activity that might require a licence, enforcment includes fines and imprisonment

What is included in the solids management hierachy?

TOP Avoid - reduce - recycle - treatment - disposal BOTTOM

with reuse and recovery connected to reduce and treatment

What are the general goals of solid waste management?

• environmental compliance

• health & safety

• community perception (image)

• economics (saving more money)

• triple bottle line (economics, social, environment)

What are the common solid wastes from winemaking?

• Marc

• filter earth

• waste treatment sludge

• barrels/oak chips

• chemicals or reagents

What are the common solid wastes from packaging and then consumption?

• paper/cardboard

• plastics

• glass

• metals

• chemicals and reagents

consumption:

• paper/cardboard

• plastics

• glass

What options are there for the disposal of marc?

Includes stalks, seeds, and skins generated during wine production

waste mmgt:

• landfill

• distillation

• stock feed

• compositing

• vineyard application

• extracts

• energy recovery

In the distillation process of marc disposal what is involved?

In SA by Tarac in Nuriootpa and Berri

they accept marc for free - you have to pay for transport

and recived a return of up to $2/L alcohol

5-10$/tonne locally

20-30$/tone remote regions

In the vineyard application of marc disposal what is involved?

• raw grape marc

  • stock piled 12 mths, or composted first - non composted marc too acidic CANNOT BE USED

• mulched before application

  • higher K & N require mixing with other products like prunings, green wastes, bark manure etc

• application rates of mulched grape marc high as 150m/ha

• potential environmental impacts include:

  • odour, litter & dust

  • soil & surface water contamination with acidic leachates

  • potential fire hazards

  • breeding of vermin, vinegar flies, maggots etc

In the composting of marc disposal what is involved?

• natural biological degradation - rotting

  • caused bacteria and other microbes

  • aerobic or anaerobic conditions can be used

  • aerobic preferred - minimise/avoid potential odour

• involves 3 separate stages

  1. mesophilic stage - several days: T heated to 40 degrees

  2. thermophilic stage - up to a month: T above 40

     • maximum degradation & stabilisation

     • pathogens killed

  3. cooling phase - month to several months

     • reduction in microbial activity, temp decreases

     • evaporative water release

     • pH stabilisation

What are the critical parameters fir aerobic composting?

• C/N rations

  • should be 25-30:1

  • require amendment - e.g., straw, sawdust, recycled compost, fertilisers

• moisture content

  • ideally 50-60%

• temperature

  • optimum 45-55 degrees

• pH

  • to minimise odour potential

What is involved in the Aerated static pile system of aerobic composting?

• grid of aeration piping underlays

• screened waste material & bulking agent and amendments

• aerated using blowers

• composted for 21-28days, cured for 30+

• typical pile heights of 2-2.5 m

What is involved in the windrow system of aerobic composting?

• waste material & bulking agent

• piles 20-100m long

• typical pile heights of 1-4 m

• regular turning and mixing achieves aeration
  composting period 21-28 days

what is industry practice in terms of composting?

• composting may be on site or contracted out

  on site composting may involved strict regulations, especially buffer distance over 500m

• licensed companies e.g., peats soil and garden supplie, jeffries garden soils

• typical processing costs $10-15/m3 + freight

In the landfill disposal of marc disposal what is involved?

• may be on/off site

  • onsite strictly regulated

  • time consuming + difficult approval processes

  • long-term management

• usually contracted out

• costs $10-25/t + freight

In the stock feed of marc disposal what is involved?

Marc can be used as animal feed supplement or replacement

as for feed sources it comes in different options

DM (~50%) - dry matter - higher better, lower freight costs

CP (~13%) - crude protein - total crude protein in feed - no account for proteins digestibility or degradability

ADF (~61%) acid detergent fibre - as % increases, digestibility of feed decreases, measures cellulose and lignin content, ruminants - low utilisation of cellulose and lignin indigestible, for alternative roughages ADF indicates proteins digestibility

ME (~6%) metabolisable energy - measure of energy in feed, >7 best

In extracts during marc disposal what is involved?

New & improving area

GrapEx - Tarac - making:

• wine additive - enhance colour and palate structure

• involves counter current extraction from marc concentration ands filtration

Vinlif

• nutraceutical product - similar process to GrapEx

other example

• grape seed oil production

In energy recovery during marc disposal what is involved?

• biomass utilisation

  • transforms organic matter into energy

  • classified as renewable energy

  • technologies:

    • anaerobic digestion → methane + sludge

    • incineration → heat

    • gasification → syngas

    • pyrolysis → combustable gas + liquid hydrocarbons

  • energy

    • = $40 per megawatt-hour plus carbon credits

What is filter earth used for?

• wine clarification processes

  • bentonite, diatomaceous earth or/and perlite

• what are the common approaches of filter earth disposal?

  • tartrate recovery - performed at Tarac

  • disposal with marc

  • landfill

  • other

In the treatment of waste sludge, what are the methods used?

• from liquid effluent treatment - contains organic and inorgainc matter e.g., filter earth

• waste management methods?

  • concentration

  • stabilisation

  • conditioning

  • disinfection

  • dewatering

  • final disposal

What are the common disposal practices for contaminated timber?

• stockpiling on vineyard sites

• recycling for landscaping

• land filling

steel and plastic posts as replacement