Chapter 6: Tour of a Cell

Nucleus

This organelle contains the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.

1. Nuclear Envelope

2. Nucleolus

3. Chromatin

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, this structure generates energy through cellular respiration.

Ribosomes

These small structures are responsible for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

This network of membranes is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids; it comes in two forms: rough and smooth.

Golgi Apparatus

This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Chloroplast

Found in plant cells, this organelle is responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Cell Membrane

This semi-permeable barrier surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

Lysosomes

These organelles contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. hydrolysis of macros

Vacuole

A storage organelle that can hold various substances, including nutrients, waste products, and water; larger in plant cells.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides structural support and protection.

Centrioles

These structures are involved in cell division, helping to organize the mitotic spindle.

Peroxisomes

specialized metabolic functions; makes h2o2 as byproduct

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Plasma Membrane

Another term for the cell membrane, emphasizing its role in regulating transport and communication. Encloses cell

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that provides structural support and shape to the cell, and aids in movement.

Microvilli

increase surface area for absorption and secretion

cytoskeleton (3 parts)

cell shape reinforcement, cell movement, made of protein

1. Microfilaments

2. intermediate filaments

3. microtubules

Nuclear envelope

double membrane w/ pores

nucleolus

ribosome production

chromatin

DNA and proteins; condenses to chromosomes during mitosis

centrosome

where microtubules are initiated; has a pair of centrioles

flagellum and cilia

one long appendage and many short appendages made of microtubules

Plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect cytoplasms btwn cells

Central Vacuole

storage, breakdown of waste; hydrolysis of macromolecules

Microtubules

intracellular transport tracks made of tubulin dimers; thickest cytoskeleton fiber

Microfilaments

structural; actin monomers; thinnest cytoskeleton fiber; 3D network; works w/ movement in muscles and amoeboid

Intermediate filaments

support anchors for organelles, reinforces cell shape; fibrous proteins

Prokaryotes

1. No nucleus

2. binary fission

3. circular DNA

4. free floating organelles

5. smaller

6. simple

7. nucleoid

Eukaryotes

1. Organelles w/ membranes

2. nucleus w/ membrane

3. linear DNA

4. complex

5. mitosis

6. larger

Fluid Mosaic Model

• proteins move laterally w/in membrane

• made of phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, cholesterol