Cell Organelles: Functions and Structures for Biology Students

Nucleus

This organelle contains the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, this structure generates energy through cellular respiration.

Ribosomes

These small structures are responsible for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

This network of membranes is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids; it comes in two forms: rough and smooth.

Golgi Apparatus

This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Chloroplast

Found in plant cells, this organelle is responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Cell Membrane

This semi-permeable barrier surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

Lysosomes

These organelles contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Vacuole

A storage organelle that can hold various substances, including nutrients, waste products, and water; larger in plant cells.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides structural support and protection.

Centrioles

These structures are involved in cell division, helping to organize the mitotic spindle.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Plasma Membrane

Another term for the cell membrane, emphasizing its role in regulating transport and communication.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that provides structural support and shape to the cell, and aids in movement.