Learn: SW 2050 Exam 1 Study Guide

Reasons for the diversification of the U.S. and relevance to SW practice:

graying work force, feminization of work force, changing complexion of workforce/society, and experiences of social invisibility.

Graying Workforce

the population of older adults continuing to work is growing. Concerns: lack of knowledge, stereotypes, governmental policy, ageism

Feminization of Workforce

the population of women working is growing. Concerns: Growth could be caused by poverty. Dual roles for women can lead to stressors and structural family changes. Women face unequal pay for equal work.

Changing Complexion of the Workforce/Society

the population of people of color working and living in the U.S. is growing. Causes/Effects: immigration rates are higher, POC are 45% of the public school students, by 2050 POC will be the majority.

Cultural Competence in Cultural Competence vs. "we are all one race"

In this argument, it acknowledges race as an important aspect of an individual's identity. Being culturally competent in this situation means understanding how to balance the sociopolitical forces that dilute the importance of race and the existence of other group identities.

"we are all one race" in Cultural Competence vs. "we are all one race"

This perspective negates race as an important aspect of a person's identity. It ignores race and refocuses on other group identities. This approach will make clients feel misunderstood and hinder the establishment of rapport.

Multiculturalism

is the coexistence of multiple cultures and ethnic groups within a single society.

Etic of Identity

culturally universal - Universal level - applies universal, objective, and cross-cultural frameworks generated by outside observers.

Emic Level of Identity

culturally specific - Group level - prioritizes the internal cultural meanings, subjective realities, and lived experiences defined strictly by the individuals within a community.

Why has social work avoided the Emic level of identity?

because the profession was deeply rooted in standardized diagnostic frameworks, institutional regulation, and the pursuit of scientific legitimacy.

What is the Tripartite Development of Personal Identity Model?

a model that organizes identity into the levels universal, group, and individual.

Universal Level of Identity

genetic endowment, nonshared experiences

Group Level of Identity

race, gender, socioeconomic status, age, geographic location, ethnicity, disability, culture, religious affiliation, marital status, and sexual orientation.

Individual Level of Identity

self awareness, biological and physical similarities, common life experiences, and ability to use symbols.

Salience of one cultural group identity may increase or decrease in relation to that of another one of the person's identities, depending on the _________.

situation. Example: John is a gay man, who is disabled. When he is at a pride parade, his identity as a gay man is of high salience because it is the focus. When he is at a disability convention, his identity as a disabled person is of high salience because it is the focus.

Multicultural Social Work Practice

the work and responsibilities of social workers are directed at changing not simply the lives of individuals, but the institutional and cultural policies and practices that prevent equal access and opportunity.

Race

is a socially constructed category used to group people based on physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and hair texture. While often treated biologically in the past, science views race as a social concept rather than a genetic one.

Ethnicity

refers to a shared cultural identity based on ancestry, language, history, nation, or region of origin. Unlike race, which focuses on physical traits, ethnicity centers on shared traditions, behavioral norms, and cultural background.

Social Class

is a hierarchical grouping of people based on economic and social position. This status is typically measured by income, wealth, education, and occupation, which often influence access to resources and societal power.

Sexual Orientation

describes an individual's enduring pattern of physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction to people of the same gender, a different gender, or multiple genders (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, straight, or queer).

Gender

refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men, women, and non-binary individuals. It is distinct from biological sex assigned at birth.

Disability

is a physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental impairment or condition that substantially limits a person's ability to engage in one or more major life activities.

Ecological Systems Perspective

problems are seen as lack of resources or deficit in the environment. Interventions should make use of the natural system in a client's ecological space and enhance the goodness of fit between people and the environment.

Enabling Niche

the niche provides adequate resources and other assets. People have equal opportunity to the assets. (empowered)

Entrapping Niche

the niche results in barriers to resources, deficits in the environment, and lack of power to access resources.

Strengths Perspective

every individual, family, and group has strengths. Trauma, abuse, illness, and struggles may be injuries, but they can be sources of opportunity to adapt and cope, resulting in resilience.

How should interventions look in the Strengths Perspective?

Interventions should create new narratives, use collaboration, use environmental resources, and acknowledge the importance of community, as it can be the context for caring for each other.

Social Justice & Human Rights

are inherent to each individual regardless of race, nationality, culture, politics, religion, sexuality, age, and gender.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

is a milestone document that outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms belonging to every person in the world that was adopted by the United Nations in 1948. The U.S. signed this document but never ratified it, so the UDHR cannot be lawfully enforced in the U.S.

How are human rights invisible?

they are invisible in that humans are entitled to freedom, security, and decent standards of living.

Human rights → what government ______ do

should

Bill of Rights (protects our freedoms) → what government ______ do

cannot

Constitution → what government ___ do

can

Anti-Oppressive Perspective

this perspective has the commitment to standing along oppressed and impoverished populations. It emphasizes the importance of talks between the social worker and the individual.

How should intervention look in an Anti-Oppressive Perspective?

Social workers are committed to the study of change and provocation of change in oppressive systems. They should dismantle oppression.

"Personal is Political"

this means that dominant ideology determines social beliefs.

Example: people in poverty being viewed as lazy.

Anti-Racism Theory

this theory understands racism as the primary social structure of oppression. It says that racism is a system of domination that maintains power by everyone's inability to notice or challenge it. Social workers are called to challenge that system.

Critical Race Theory - 6 tenets

1. Racism is deeply embedded in social fabric. 2. Racism is a social construct. 3. Racial classification is determined by those in power. 4. Racism brings material and psychic advantage to the majority. 5. Racism is a powerful narrative.

6. Race is not the only form of exclusion and there is the intersectionality of other forms of oppression.

Intersectionality

an analytical framework that shows how different aspects of a person's social and political identities—such as race, gender, class, and sexuality—combine to create unique forms of discrimination and privilege.

Social Inequality

happens when people in a society do not have equal access to resources, rights, and opportunities.

Over and Underinclusion

are legal and logical concepts that describe when a rule, law, or classification casts too wide or too narrow a net.

Results of over inclusion

It penalizes innocent or irrelevant groups and wastes resources

Results of under inclusion

It fails to fully solve the issue and can be unfair or discriminatory

Marginalization

is the social process of pushing individuals or groups to the outer edges of society, denying them equal access to power, resources, and meaningful participation

Social Location

is a person's unique place in society, shaped by their overlapping identity factors like race, gender, social class, and age

Matrix of Domination

a sociological concept that explains how different forms of oppression and privilege, such as race, gender, class, and sexual orientation, shape people's lives. The theory rejects the idea that forms of discrimination exist separately. Instead, it shows how social categories overlap, meaning a person can experience both oppression and privilege at the same time depending on their specific social standing.

Cultural competence as defined by NASW

the process by which individuals and systems respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, languages, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, religions, and other diversity factors in a manner that recognizes, affirms, and values the work with individuals, families, and communities and protects and preserves the dignity of each.

Four components of cultural competence

awareness, worldviews, develop appropriate intervention strategies, understand how organizations can enhance or negate cultural competence

1. Awareness (as a component of cultural competence)

Become aware of assumptions about human behavior, values, biases, and preconceived notions.

2. Wordviews (as a component of cultural competence)

attempt to understand the worldview of culturally diverse clients

Cultural role-taking

is the ability to step out of your own cultural upbringing and understand a situation/role from the cultural perspective of another person without judgement.

Cognitive empathy

the ability to understand another person's perspective, thoughts, and feelings without personally sharing or absorbing those emotions.

3. What does it mean to develop appropriate intervention strategies?

Equal treatment is NOT culturally competent. "Good clinical practice is good clinical practice" does not acknowledge cultural competence. Social workers want equal access to service and equitable service

4. What dos it mean to understand that organizations and institutions can enhance or negate cultural competence?

Think about how it's not always that organizations are not educated. Sometimes they are, and choose to not be culturally inclusive. Or, sometimes organizations do have culturally compete policies.

Dimension 1: group-specific worldviews

Consider the worldview of all cultural groups along the lines of: race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender and gender expression or identity.

Dimension 2: Cultural competence components

Awareness, Knowledge, Skills

Dimension 2: Awareness Component

aware and sensitive to his/her own cultural heritage and valuing and respecting difference

Dimension 2: Knowledge Component

know of the history, experiences, cultural values, and lifestyles of sociodemographic groups.

Dimension 2: Skills Componenet

generate a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal responses

Dimension 3: Foci of cultural competence

individual, professional, organizational, societal

Dimension 3: Individual

Focuses on the personal self-awareness, exploring one's own values, biases, assumptions, and worldview.

Dimension 3: Professional

Focuses on the standards, ethics, and practices applied within a client's profession

Dimension 3: Organizational

Focuses on institutional policies, administrative practices, and climates that support or hinder culturally responsive environments.

Dimension 3: Societal

Focuses on broad sociopolitical influences, systemic equity, and cultural norms across the entire community or culture