MISA Study Guide

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA-RNA-Protein-Traits

What does the DNA in the Central Dogma contain?

Genetic Code

What does the RNA in the Central Dogma do?

Interprets and makes the proteins

What do proteins determine?

Traits of a being

RNA contains what type of sugar?

Ribose

Ribose Characteristics

One stranded, base U

mRNA role

carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosome

rRNA role

combines with proteins to form ribosome where proteins are made

tRNA role

carries amino acids to the ribosome, has anticodons used to pair with regular codons

What is transcription?

process of copying DNA into a complementary RNA

Initiation begins where?

Promoter, strand opened for replication

How does Initiation work?

RNA polymerase binds to promoter and separates DNA

How does Elongation work?

RNA polymerase reads DNA and brings in complementary nucleotides

Base Pairing Rule Of A:

U

How does Termination work?

RNA polymerase will reach terminator sequence, and break off the amino acids to become a protein

Specific Sequence makes what?

Specific protein’s shape

What determines its function?

Shape of Protein

Genetic Code correlates a __ to __?

Nucleotide sequence to amino acids

What is a codon?

3 nucleotides on mRNA

Codons code for what?

Specific Amino Acids

Start Codon?

AUG

Stop Codon?

UAA,UAG,UGA

Translation is what?

process of making proteins using the code from an mRNA strand, occurs in ribosome, involves rRNA and tRNA

What happens in Initiation during the 2nd phase?

Ribosome attaches to mRNA at the start codon, the first tRNA arrives with the amino acid MET

What happens in Elongation during the 2nd phase?

Ribosomes “read” mRNA, tRNA molecules deliver amino acids, bonds together by peptide bonds

What happens to leftover tRNA?

Reused

What happens in Termination during the 2nd phase?

Stops at the end codons, and the polypeptide chain will fold into 3D shape

What’s the backbone of organic molecules?

Carbon

How many bonds can carbon form?

4

Functional group:

groups of elements that give a molecule certain properties

Isomers:

structure, same number, type of elements(atoms) but put together in a different ways

Types of Macromolecules:

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid

Essential for maintaining life process:

Cell Function, Storage, Energy, Homeostasis, Genetics

Carbohydrates:

major energy source for organisms

Carbohydrates Monomers:

monosaccharides/ simple sugars

Carbohydrates Ratio:

1:2:1

Is carbohydrates hydrophillic?

Yes, it is dissolvable in water

How are carbohydrates classified?

Based on size

Monosaccharides?

simple sugar, one

Disaccharides?

two simple sugars

Polysaccharides?

more than two simple sugars

Lipids’ Function?

long term energy storage and padding, protection, insulation

Hormones can be caused by what?

Lipids

Lipids’ Monomers?

fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Is Lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic

Saturated Fats?

these fats are saturated with hydrogen and are unhealthy

Unsaturated Fats?

these fats are missing hydrogen fats and their carbon atoms form double bonds and it is healthy

Phospholipids?

a special type of liquid that makes up cellular membranes

How do phospholipids look like?

two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group creating polar and nonpolar regions

Are phospholipids dissolvable in water?

Phospholipids are not dissolvable in water

Proteins Function?

building blocks for cells and organisms

What do proteins serve as to speed up the reactions and how fast?

Enzymes and its from days to hours

Proteins Monomer?

Amino Acids

What are Amino Acids connected to?

Peptide Bonds

How many type of amino acids are used by humans?

20 different types

Proteins contain?

Central Carbon, Carboxyl Group, Amine Group, Hydrogen, Variable R-group (side chain)

Organization of Life?

Atoms-Molecules-Macromolecules-Organelles-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ System-Organisms-Population-Community-Ecosystem-Biome-Earth

Structure is Function

Something arranged in a way that enables it to play its role and fulfill it’s job

Benedict’s Test for?

monosaccharides (glucose)

If Benedict’s Test is positive?

orange

If Benedict’s test is negative?

blue

Which of the test requires it to be put over heat?

Benedict

What does glucose test strip check for?

Glucose

Lugol’s Iodine Tests for?

Polysaccharides

What color is Lugol Iodine when it is positive?

purple

What color is Lugol Iodine when it is negative?

reddish orange

What is the brown bag test also known as?

Sudan Red test

What does the brown bag test for?

lipids/fats

Is there a color when the brown bag test is positive and negative?

Unlike the others the brown bag doesn’t have a color when it is positive or negative

How do you when the brown bag test when it is positive?

Bubbles form

How do you know when the brown bag test is negative?

no bubbles form

What does the biuret test check for?

Proteins

What color is the biuret test when it is positive?

purple

What color is the biuret test is when it is negative?

blue

What makes up blood?

Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, and platelets

What is the red blood cells’ function?

delivers oxygen from lungs to cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs

What does red blood cells have?

hemoglobin responsible for carrying oxygen

If there is a high amount of red blood cells what can you get?

hypertension (HBP)

If there is low amount of red blood cells what will happen?

your organs will slowly die

What does iron help with in the body?

Iron is an essential element in blood and helps the body make healthy red blood cells

What is white blood cells’ function?

detects and deals with infections by producing antibodies

What are the types of white blood cells?

Nuetrophills, Monocytes, Esoniphils, Basophils, Lymphnotes

What does Nuetrophils and Monocytes do?

Fight against disease and bacteria

What do Esoniphils and Basophils do?

They produce allergic responses

What do lymphnodes do?

they produce antibodies

What are platelets’ function?

tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop blood bleeding forever

If there is too many platelets in the body what happens to you?

There is a risk of heart attack

If there too little amount of platelets in the body what happens to you?

You can excessively bleed.

How does high blood pressure occur?

The force of blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high so the stretchy part of the artery becomes not stretchy anymore and it can damage the wall of the artery and the artery can also be damaged and the veins too.

What happens to the heart over time of high blood pressure?

It has to beat harder which can overwork it and can cause death and damage to the organs

What happens when you have high blood cholestrol?

Clogging of the arteries

If you have too much high blood cholestrol?

It can cause strokes, heart attack and death if you have full cholestrol.

What are tryglycerides?

These are fats that circulate in the blood for cells to use as energy.

How do tryglycerides look like?

Yellow Circles

If you have high level of tryglycerides what happens?

With such a high level of T, you can get heart diseases and risk for strokes.

What is Uric acid actually?

A product of breaking down DNA

What do kidneys do when it comes to uric acid?

It filters the uric acid and it leaves as urine

If you high uric acid what does that mean?

Your kidneys aren’t filtering

How many atoms are in a Lipid?

12-14 atoms

What are carbohydrates made up of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen