the large, unpaired cartilages of the larynx are...
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis
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the smaller, paired cartilages of the larynx are...
arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilages
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thyroid cartilage
largest of the laryngeal cartilages (large, unpaired)
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cricoid cartilage
located above uppermost tracheal ring (large, unpaired), includes points of contact for thyroid cartilage and arytenoids
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epiglottis
- flexible, leaf-like structure (large, unpaired) located just behind the hyoid bone and tongue root - moves down to protect entrance to larynx during swallowing
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why is it important that the epiglottis protects the larynx during swallowing?
food and drink does not belong in the larynx; it belongs in the esophagus prevents food from going down "the wrong pipe"
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arytenoid cartilages
pyramid-shaped pieces of cartilage found in larynx; *allow vocal folds to be tensed or relaxed* (smaller, paired)
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corniculate cartilages
on top of arytenoid cartilages, no longer believed to have important function
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cricoarytenal joints
- laryngeal joint; *helps open, close, and tighten vocal folds during speech and breathing* - permits thyroid to tilt forward
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what happens with forward thyroid movement?
increased tension in vocal folds, resulting in higher vocal pitch
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The vocal folds are \____ during inhalation
open
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The vocal folds \____ \________ during swallowing and phonation
come together
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When closed, the vocal folds may \_______ and \________ the expelled airflow from the lungs to produce speech and singing
vibrate and modulate
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The vocal folds are divided into _ layers of tissue and _ chunks of tissue
5 layers 3 chunks
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what is the first layer and chunk of the vocal folds?
epithelium
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epithelium
- protective in nature - shiny, thin, mucous membrane covered lining * regeneration and regrowth *
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why is regeneration and regrowth of the vocal folds important?
They are touching and meeting all day. If it were not for the epithelium, our vocal folds would be damaged easily
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what is the second chunk of the vocal folds?
lamina propria
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The lamina propria (second chunk of the vocal folds) is divided into 3 layers called the...
superficial layer (5 mm thick), immediate layer (1-2 mm thick), and deep layer (1-2 mm thick)
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The superficial layer of the lamina propria allows the vocal folds to \____ and \______ \________.
to give and change movement
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The superficial layer of the lamina propria are made up of...to be stretchy and flexible.
randomized elastin fiber content
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The intermediate layer of the lamina propria is \________ with \____________
flexible with organization
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The deep layer of the lamina propria is known for \_________, \_______, and \_________
structure, support, and formation
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The deep layer of the lamina propria is made of \________
collagen (designed to make it firm and tight)
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what is the fifth layer and third chunk of the vocal folds?
thyroarytenoid muscle
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The thyroarytenoid muscle is...
the true basis of the vocal folds
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Laryngeal muscles are divided into \________ and \_________
intrinsic and extrinsic
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intrinsic laryngeal muscles
both origin and insertion (all attachments) are in laryngeal cartilages
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Intrinsic laryngeal muscles consist of \____, \________, and \_____ \________ movements.
fine, pinpoint, and small accurate
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The intrinsic laryngeal muscles include \_________, \_________, \_______, and \________.
adductors, abductors, tensors, and relaxers
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The adductor intrinsic laryngeal muscles do what to the vocal folds?
bring them together
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The adductor intrinsic laryngeal muscles include...
lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), interarytenoid (IA), and thyroarytenoid (TA)
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The lateral cricoarytenoid (LAC) adducts the vocal folds by way of \_______ and applies \______ \__________.
rocking, medial compression
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medial compression
tight adduction, especially when holding a big breath, and have a lot of pressure
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medial compression is expressed when...
shouting, during child labor, lifting weight, bowel movement, and ejaculation
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The interarytenoids run \_______ arytenoids
between
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The interarytenoids are divided into \__________ and \_______.
transverse (TIA) and oblique (OIA)
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The thyroarytenoid muscles is also known as ...
the vocal folds
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There are several portions of the thyroarytenoid muscles, which include...
vocalls portion- tense vocal folds and high pitch lateral portion- adduct and apply medial compression medial portion- shortens and relaxes vocal folds and low pitch
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more tension \= \______ pitch
higher
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less tension \= \_____ pitch
lower
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The vocalls portion of the thyroarytenoid muscles make the vocal folds \_____, with \______ pitch.
tense, higher
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The lateral portion of the thyroarytenoid muscles \_____ and apply \______ \_______
adduct and medial compression
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The medial portion of the thyraoarytenoid muscles work to \_______ and \_____ the vocal folds, with \___ pitch.
shorten and relax, low pitch
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The only abductor intrinsic laryngeal muscles is...
the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA)
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The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle works to \____ \______ the vocal folds
pull apart (like a broken heart)
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The tensor intrinsic laryngeal muscle is the \____________ muscle. It is responsible for \_____ change only.
the cricothyroid muscle (CT), pitch
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As the vocal folds are stretched and elongated, the cricothyroid muscle \_________ longitudnal tension, which results in \______ vibraations.
increases, faster
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The cricothyroid muscle consists of 2 parts arising from the anterior cricoid cartilage. These are-
pars oblique and pars recta
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The relaxer intrinsic laryngeal muscle is the \_______________
thyromuscularis
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The thyromuscularis \________ and \________ vocal folds
shortens and relaxes
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The extrinsic laryngeal muscles are muscles that \____ the larynx as a whole and have all the attachment points \_______ the larynx.
move, outside
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The extrinsic laryngeal muscles focus on \_____ movements, while the intrinsic laryngeal muscles focus on \_____ movements.
large, small
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The extrinsic larygneal muscles \_______ or \______ the larynx, changing the shape of the vocal tract and making it \_______ or \_______.
elevate or depress, shorter or longer
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The extrinsic laryngeal muscles are important for \_________.
swallowing
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The extrinsic laryngeal muscles are divided into \_________ and \___________
elevators and depressors
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The elevators of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles are called \__________ muscles. They \____ \__ on the larynx.
superahyoid, pull up
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The depressors of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles are called \________ muscles. They \____ \____ on the larynx
infrahyoid, pull down
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The suprahyoid muscles are-
digastic, stylohyyoiid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
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The infrahyoid muscles are-
strenohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
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During phonation, air is forced from the lungs \______ through the trachea into the \________ region of the larynx. The air stream encounters the adducted vocal folds and enough pressure is built up to force the vocal folds \______. Vocal fold \_________ occurs.
upward, subglottal, apart, vibration
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The elasticity of the vocal folds is called \_______ \_______ \_______. This is the most widely accepted explanation of vocal fold vibration.
myoayro dymanic process
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The Bernouilli Effect is-
used to describe the cycle of vibration of the vocal folds
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The three laryngeal functions for phonation are \______, \________, and \__________.
attack, sustain, termination
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attack
process of bringing vocal folds together so that aerodynamic forces can set vocal folds into vibration (adduct)
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The muscles used for attack are -
lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), interarytenoid (IA), and possibly thyroarytenoid (TA)
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The three types of attack are-
simultaneous vocal attack, breathy vocal attack, and glottal attack
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simultaneous vocal attack
adduction and onset of expiration are at the same time (ex: /did/)
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breathy vocal attack
onset of exhalation before full adduction (ex: /he/)
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glottal attack
adduction prior to airflow (ex: a cough)
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sustain
maintaining vocal fold position so that phonation continues
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termination
process of abducting the vocal folds so that phonation stops
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Termination is done by the \________ \_____________ \_______.
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA)
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cycle
one complete vibration
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period
(T); defined by time, how long to complete 1 cycle
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frequency
(F); how many cycles can occur in given time frame in seconds- cycles/second \= Hertz
- longer period \= lower frequency, shorter period \= higher frequency
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Fundamental Frequency refers to-
frequency from which the vocal folds complete the vibratory cycle per second
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1 cycle of vibration is-
vocal folds together -\> vocal folds blown apart -\> vocal folds sucked back together
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low frequencies of vibration are perceived as-
low pitch
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high frequencies of vibration are perceived as-
high pitch
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pitch is a result of the \_____/\_____ of vocal folds
size/shape (ex: larger mass -\> larger fundamental frequency -\> lower pitch)
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Pitch changes are accomplished through \___________/\_______ and \__________/\________ of the vocal folds
lengthening/tensing- higher pitch and shortening/ relaxing- lower pitch