BS2014 Topic 10 - Nature vs Nurture

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering the key definitions of genetics and environmental influences from BS2014 Topic 10.

Nature

The influence of genetic inheritance on an individual's characteristics and traits.

Nurture

The influence of environmental factors and life experiences on an individual's characteristics and traits.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from interactions between genes and the environment.

Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a functional product, usually a protein.

Allele

An alternative form of a gene found at a specific location on a chromosome.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

The molecule that carries genetic information in cells.

Genome

The complete set of genetic material in an organism.

Heritability

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is attributable to genetic differences.

Epigenetics

Changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence.

Gene expression

The process by which information in a gene is used to produce a functional protein or RNA.

Polymorphism

A common variation in a DNA sequence between individuals.

ACTN3 gene

A gene associated with the production of a-actinin-3, often linked to power and sprint performance.

ACE gene

A gene commonly studied for its association with endurance and cardiovascular performance.

Environmental factors

External influences such as nutrition, training, lifestyle and education that affect phenotype.

Twin study

A research design comparing identical and fraternal twins to estimate genetic and environmental influences.

Gene-environment interaction

The combined effect of genetic factors and environmental influences on a trait.

Trainability

The degree to which an individual adapts to exercise training.