Cardiovascular 1

The left and right side of the heart act as

two independent pumps

red color blood represents

oxygenated blood

blue color blood represents

deoxygenated blood

veins always ______ blood to the heart

return

arteries always ______ blood away from the heart

take

the vena cava returns blood back to the

heart

the superior and inferior vena cava brings blood to the

right atrium

the right side of the heart is responsible for

collecting deoxygenated blood from organs and sending it up to the lungs for reoxygenation

the left side of the heart is responsible for

collecting oxygenated blood from the lungs and sending it out to the tissues and organs

right and left pulmonary arteries

take blood to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs

Pulmonary trunk

short artery that immediately branches into the pulmonary arteries

pulmonary loop

vena cavas and coronary sinus, right atrium, right AV valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins

atria

receiving chambers

ventricles

ejection chambers

Pulmonary veins

return blood from the lungs to the left atrium

aorta

takes blood the the systemic capillary beds

how many pulmonary veins are there on each side

two

valves are like

one way gates

Right atrioventricular tricuspid valve

separates the right atrium from right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve

separates the right ventricle from pulmonary trunk

semilunar valves

allow blood flow only form ventricles to arteries

av valves

allow blood flow only from the atria to the ventricles

aortic semilunar valve

separates left ventricle form aorta

left atrioventricular bicuspid valve/mitral valve

separates left ventricle from atrium

The heart wall consist of the

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

myocardium is made of

cardiac muscle cells

what is the thickest layer of the heart wall

myocardium

the layers of the heart wall from inner to outer are

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

pericardial sac's function is

protect the heart and reduce friction

the pericardial sac is filled with

fluid

the pericardial sac consist of the

parietal pericardium and epicardium(visceral pericardium)

epicardium aka

visceral pericardium

the epicardium is the

outer layer of the heart wall and inner layer of pericardial sac

pericardial sac

contains the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium with a fluid filled pericardial cavity between

Is the pulmonary or systemic circuit larger?

Systemic

Is the right or left side of the heart stronger?why

Left because it pumps blood throughout the entire body

Moderator band

Quickly conducts electrical signals to the papillary muscles the contract the chordate tendineae

Papillary muscles

Contract to tighten and brace the chordae tendineae

chordae tendineae

Tether the flaps of the av valves

chordae tendineae responsibility

Prevent backwards flow of blood

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle

Tricuspid valve (aka atrioventricular valve)

pectinate muscles

Muscular ridges in the atria that prevent sloshing of blood as the chambers fill

coronary sinus

Collects deoxygenated blood from heart muscle

Where is the coronary sinus located?

right atrium

fossa ovalis

Fetal remnant that used to connect the right and left atrium to bypass the lungs

ligamentum arteriosum

Fetal remnant that used to connect the aorta and pulmonary trunk to bypass the lungs

Why do fetuses need structures to bypass the lungs

When in utero the fetus isn't breathing air

Interatrial septum

Atrial separation

What does the bicuspid valve separate?

left atrium and left ventricle

What does the pulmonary valve separate?

right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

What does the aortic valve separate?

left ventricle and aorta

What do the semilunar valves do?

prevent backflow into the ventricles

Interventeicular septum

separates ventricles

Trabecular carneae

Internal ridges in the ventricles that prevent sloshing of blood

base

point of attachment for the heart between the greater vessels directed toward the right

apex

tip of the heart pointing toward the left hip

the atria wall is ____

smooth

The anterior wall of the atria is lined with ridged

pectinate muscles

the atria are thinner than ventricles because

the need minimal contraction to push blood into the ventricles

auricle

on the anterior surface of each atrium

what is the purpose of the auricle in the atria

increases capacity to hold blood

What is the largest artery

aorta

similar to pectinate muscles there are ___ in the ventricles

trabeculae carneae

superior vena cava

returns blood from head and arms

inferior vena cava

Returns blood form trunk and legs

three veins that return blood to the right atrium

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

what make capillaries allow for substance exchange

thin walls

three components of the cv system include

heart, blood, blood vessels

3 multiple choice options

main functions of the cv system

Create a regular BP and change the diameter of the arterioles

what does the regulation of BP support

takes waste, delivers O2 and glucose, circulate hormones, circulates immune cells for defense

why does the cv system change diameter of blood vessels?

adjust blood flow and regulate body temp

another word for blood vessels

arterioles

arterioles have lots of

smooth muscles that contract to change the size of blood vessels

during fight or fligth/increase in the sympathetic nervous system blood vessels will ____ the vessels leading to skeletal mucles, ____ blood flow to the organ ensuring ATP production

dilate and increasing

3 multiple choice options

during dehydration arterioles leading to the kidneys __, ___ing blood flow to this organ in order to prevent water loss with the urine

contrict and decreasing

3 multiple choice options

when soemone is hot the blood vessels ___ to increase heat loss

dilate

when soemone is cold the blood vessels ___ to decrease heat loss

constrict

Dilating blood vessels causes

more blood flow and less resistance

Constricting blood vessels causes

less blood flow and more resistance

three major parts of the aorta

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

three branches of the aortic arch

brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

The descending aorta leads to the

thoracic abdominal aorta

The brachiocephalic trunk leads to the

right common carotid and the right subclavian

What are the three factors that cause blood flow

1. Hydrostatic pressure changes as the heart chambers contract/diastole

2. Blood always flows from areas of higher pressure to lower

3. Valves open when blood moves down a pressure gradient, valves close when blood tries to move backwards down a gradient slamming the valve shut

Diastole

relaxation

Contraction of the heart chamber will ______ the size of the chamber and then the pressure will _____

Decrease and increase

Relaxation of the heart chamber will ______ the size of the chamber and then the pressure will _____

Increase and decrease

Filling the heart chamber with more blood can ______ pressure

Increase

hydrostatic pressure

The pressure of the blood against the heart chambers

The ______ brace the av valves after they close to prevent backflow

Chordae tendineae

How many heart sounds are there

Two

First heart beat sounds like

Lubb

Second heartbeat sounds like

Dubb

The first heartbeat sound is caused by the

Closing of the AV valves

The second heartbeat sound is caused by the

Closing of the semi lunar valves

What causes the audible sound of the heart?

Sounds are caused by a heart valve, slamming shut

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)

Partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries

What does coronary artery disease lead to?

Insufficient oxygen(ischemia) and nutrient delivery and inadequate pick up of waste products in cardiac myocytes

Ischemia

Insufficient oxygen, leading to insufficient flow

What is myocardial infarction (MI)

Heart muscle death and prolonged coronary blockage