Biochem self study

what anticoagulants affect calcium

EDTA, oxalates, citrates remove calcium

what anticoagulant prevents calcium clumps

heparin binds to antithrombin

what does LD do

interconverts lactate to pyruvate using LDH and NAD

what hormone surges during menstrual cycle

rise in LH then ovulation in which estrogen and progesterone increase

what does diabetes make

ketone bodies

what is used in the Krebs cycle

Acetyl CoA

what is created due to excess acetylene CoA

too much acetyl leads to its breakdown into acetone, acetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutryric acid (ketone bodies)

what would the bands look like in x-linked agammaglobin

lower gamma

what would the bands look like in alpha 1 antitrypsin

lower alpha 1

what would the bands look like in acute inflammation

higher alpha 1

what would the bands look like in nephrotic syndome

lower albumin

what does vitamin D due to body

absorb calcium and phosphorus in intestines, bone, and kidneys

what activates vitamin D

PTH

what is part of the electrolyte panel

potassium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate (HCO3)

what is the pregnancy hormone

hCG

what does the immunoassay target in hCG

the beta subunit

how to determine alkalosis

pH >7

how to determine respiratory over metabolic

HCO3: 22-29

so higher is metabolic

lower is respiratory

conversion of glycogen to glucose

glycogenolysis

what molecules promote glycogenolysis

glucagon and epinephrine

what molecule decrease lycogenolysis

insulin decreases blood glucose

what is gluconeogenesis

creates glucose from noncarbs

what molecule promotes gluconeogenesis

cortisol

how is conjugated bili converted for urine

sent to intestine where bacteria convert to urobilirubin

the biuret reaction measures what

amount of peptide bonds/proteins

what does statin do

lower cholesterol

what does aspirin do

lower inflammation

what does hs-CRP do

measure inflammation

where is testosterone made

testes and adrenal cortex

test for neural tube defects

alpha-fetoprotein

what test is used for cystic fibrosis

sweat test

a lower alpha-fetoprotein means what

Downs syndrome

what is used to detect diabetes early

albumin in urine

iron is ingested as what state

ferric Fe3

iron is absorbed in what state

ferrous Fe2

what is increased in type 1 diabetes

high blood glucose and ketones

lower insulin and pH (Acidosis)

what molecules regulate blood

bicarbonate and chloride

what is the chloride shift

CO2 moves from tissue to blood creating bicarbonate and H leading to Cl moving into cell

what is kernicterus

build up of unconjugated bilirubin in newborns brain

what is the earliest cardiac marker

myoglobin

what is the most specific and sensitive cardiac biomarker

Troponin TpT

what cardiac biomarker increases with TpT but returns to baseline later

CK-MB

what is increased in obstructions

conjugated bilirubin

how does diabetes insidious affect osmolar

increases it

kinetic reaction where substrate concentration is limiting factor

first order

kinetic reaction where substrate has no affect on rate of reaction

zero order

measuring silver ions for chloride testing is what type of test

amperometric titration

if your urine has only increased conjugated bilirubin, what is the problem

RBcs are broken down so hemolysis

how do you transport ammonia tests

ice slurry

colon/rectal cancer marker

CEA

monitor chemotherapy marker

CEA

prostate specific tumor maker

PSA

testicular cancer marker

hCG

mnemonic for memorizing acute phase reactants

MH C3AF2A

T3ARA

main bone enzyme

ALP

where is ALP not seen

brain

pancreatitis enzymes

ALP and AMS

can you use the acute pancreatic enzymes for chronic

no

at PI 7, a portion with lower pH will be

a positively charge cation and move to cathode

where is BNP made

heart

is a higher BNP good

no, it means heart is stressed

a gamma spike measn

multiple myeloma

another name for preablumin

trasnthyretin

what is troponin T do

binds to tropomyosin

what does troponin I do

inhibits binding actin and myosin

what is tropnonin C

binds calcium to reverse TnI

if the tube is hemolyzed, what molecules does it affect

increases potassium, Mg, iron, LD, phosphorus, ammonia

liver tumor marker

AFP

creatinine is used to determine which organ function

kidney

acid phosphatase is used to asses what

prostate cancer

ratio of ASt/ALT De ritis

equal or <1

what is your De rites ratio if you take alcohol

>2

when treating HH, when is the endpoint of treatment

ferritin 20-50

enzyme for muscular dystophy

aldolase

creatinine levels after exercise

higher

ovarian cancer marker

CA-125

which test must be protect from light

bilirubin

where are most acute phase proteins made

liver/hepatocytes

why are polyacrylamide felt better than agarose

pore size per layer

main copper transport protein

ceruloplasmin

if ceruloplasmin is decreased, what happens to copper

increased urine copper

hepatic injury affects which LD

LD-4

hemolysis affects which LD

LD1>LD2

pancreatitis affects which LD

LD-3

what is used to measure GFR

creatinine

what can be used as an indicator for iron deficiency

ferritin

good test for HH

transferrin

why kind of mutation is sickle cell

sub glutamic acid with valine

what marker is used to detect a recent second heart attack

CK-MB since TnT is still high while MB already returned to normal before the MI

a higher fetoprotein means what

carcinoma

if you see high ammonia levels. what does it mean

cirrhosis

what risk level if hs-CRP <1

low

what risk level if hs-CRP 1-3

moderate

what risk level if hs-CRP >3

high

5-HIAA means

carcinoid tumor

precursor to T3, T4

tyrosine

urea nitrogen range

6-20

creatinine range

.6-1.2

ratio of urea to creatinine

10:1 to 20:1

transferring formula

.7 x TIBC