AP Psych: Unit 0: Research Methods + Data Interpretation

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critical thinking

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<p>comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it</p>

comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it

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hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

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<p>the feeling that you instinctively know something or someone; not always correct</p>

the feeling that you instinctively know something or someone; not always correct

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52 Terms

1

critical thinking

comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it

<p>comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it</p>
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2

hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

the feeling that you instinctively know something or someone; not always correct

<p>the feeling that you instinctively know something or someone; not always correct</p>
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3

peer reviewers

scientific experts who evaluate a research article's theory, originality, and accuracy

<p>scientific experts who evaluate a research article's theory, originality, and accuracy</p>
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4

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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5

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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6

falsifiable

capable of being disproved

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7

operational definition

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

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8

Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

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9

case study

study of one individual in great detail

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10

naturalistic observation

watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

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11

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

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12

social desirability bias

the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable

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13

self-report bias

when people report their behavior inaccurately

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14

sampling bias

exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn

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15

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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16

Population

all those in a group being studied

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17

Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables

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18

correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

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19

Variable

A factor that can change in an experiment

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20

Scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

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21

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

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22

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

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23

experiment

a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis

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24

experimental group

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

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control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

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26

random assignment

placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

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Single-blind procedure

the subjects do not know to what group they belong

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double-blind procedure

neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group the subjects are in

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placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

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30

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

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31

confounding variable

a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results

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experimenter bias

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

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dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

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34

Validity

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

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35

Quantitative Research

research that relies on numerical data

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36

qualitative research

seeks in-depth, open-ended responses, not yes or no answers

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37

informed consent

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

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38

Debriefing

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

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39

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

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40

Histogram

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

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41

Mode

most frequently occurring score

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42

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

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43

mean

average

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44

percentile rank

Percentage of scores falling at or below a specific score.

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45

skewed distribution

When the results are not symmetrical (appears to favor one side over the other)

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46

range

Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.

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47

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

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normal curve

the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

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49

inferential statistics

numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance

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50

meta-analysis

a "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion

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51

statistical significance

how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

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52

effect size

the strength, of a relationship between two or more variables

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