AP English Language & Composition Fall Exam

Chapter 1 - They Say

1. signal what broader conversation you're responding to

2. use return sentences to remind readers what you are responding to

Chapter 2 -summarizing

1. emphasize an overarching argument

2. remain neutral

3. understand the author's point

Chapter 3 - quotes

1. quote must be relevant to your argument

2. combine the author's ideas with your own

3. fully introduce and explain quote (quote sandwich)

Chapter 4 - ways to respond

1. agree (yes)

2. disagree (no)

3. both (okay, but)

Chapter 5 - distinguishing they say and I say

1. use "I" when explaining your argument

2. references "their" argument

3. "yet" = good distinguisher

Chapter 6 - naysayers

1. engage in dialogue

2. represent your objectors fairly

3. be able to fight off objections

4. change your ideas if needed

Chapter 7 - personal experiences

1. use personal experiences to add credibility & relatability

Chapter 8 - why does it matter

1. identify your audience

2. identify why your claim matters on a broader scale

3. be clear in response to the "they say"

Chapter 9 - transitions

1. use strong transition words

2. add pointing words but avoid the naked this

3. repetition of key terms & phrases, but keep it fresh

Chapter 10 - tone

1. simplify the "they say" so readers can understand

2. blend your personal voice with an academic voice

Chapter 11 - meta-commentary

1. commenting on your claims

2. clarifies and elaborate what readers should and should not think about it

Chapter 12 - revising

1. personal & peer editing

2. grammar & punctuation

3. does your claim relate to a global argument

Chapter 13 - discussions

1. respond to other people's claims

2. clearly indicate when you are changing the subject

Chapter 14 - motivation

1. figure out what "they say" your author is responding to

2. figure out the author's argument

Strong verbs

argue, claim, acknowledge, endorse, question, reject, advocate, encourage, etc.

Strong transition words

in fact, furthermore, in other words, ultimately, after all, for instance, accordingly, hence, likewise, etc.

return sentence

sentence that remind readers what you're responding to

quote sandwich

context, quote, analysis

hit and run quote

a quote that is left alone with no context or analysis

believing game

explain your "they say" so well that readers are convinced you agree with their argument

meta-commentary

secondary level of communication that comments on the primary text, acting as a guide to help readers interpret the information present

pointing words

words that refer to the subject: these, this, that

voice marker

phrases indicating whether the writer of the paper is speaking, or if they are using outside source material

free floating pointer

a pronoun used to refer to a former idea; a pronoun such as 'this' that has no specific antecedent; a vague pronoun reference

naysayer

someone who is objecting to your argument

code meshing/switching

using your personal voice and an academic voice

SPACE CAT

speaker, purpose, audience, context evidence - choices, appeals, tone

rhetorical triangle

a diagram that illustrates the relationship among the speaker, subject, audience, and context in determining a text

persuasive appeals

logos, ethos, pathos

logos

appeal to logic and reason

ethos

credibility

pathos

appeal to emotion

rhetoric

the art or skill of speaking or writing formally & effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people

rhetorical situation

collectively refers to the exigence, purpose, audience, context, and message

exigence

what inspires or provokes a writer to create a text

choices

rhetorical strategies such as use of figurative language

claim

to argue something

categories of evidence

first and second hand

first hand evidence

personal or secondary anecdotes or current events

second hand evidence

historical information, quantitative evidence, expert opinions

ardent

characterized by intense emotion

melancholy

a feeling of thoughtful sadness; or sad in manner

procure

get by special effort

revere

regard with feelings of deep respect and admiration — sometimes with a mixture of wonder and awe or fear

recollect

to remember — especially experiences from long ago

penury

a state of extreme poverty or destitution

capricious

impulsive or unpredictable or tending to make sudden changes— especially impulsive behavior

discern

to notice or understand something — often something that is not obvious

apathy

lack of interest and enthusiasm

diligent

hard work and care in tasks — often continuing when others might quit because of difficulties

disdain

a lack of respect — often suggesting distaste and an undeserved sense of superiority

immutable

not subject or susceptible to change

zeal

active interest and enthusiasm

pretense

an appearance or action to help one pretend

futile

effort that is pointless because it is unproductive or unsuccessful

dogmatic

prone to stating opinions as absolute truth

incessant

continuous — often in an annoying way

transitory

lasting a short time

incredulous

unbelieving; or having difficulty accepting something so unexpected

remorse

a feeling of deep regret (usually for some misdeed)

vacillate

to change one's mind back and forth between conflicting ideas

anguish

extreme distress of body or mind

vengeance

the act of taking revenge

obscure

not known to many people

depravity

complete immorality or evilness

alleviate

to lessen something that is bad — especially to lessen pain

deposition

a pretrial questioning of a witness or the resulting transcript

candid

honest and direct

guile

cunning (shrewdness and cleverness) and deceitful

complacent

contented (unworried and satisfied) — often to a fault

augment

enlarge or increase

abhor

to hate or detest something

despondent

emotionally depressed — especially a feeling of grief and hopelessness after a loss

ephemeral

existing only for a short time

assuage

to soothe (make something less unpleasant or frightening)

enigma

something mysterious that seems unexplainable

sagacious

wise — especially through long experience and thoughtfulness

epithet

an insulting or abusive word or phrase

aversion

dislike that leads to avoidance

acquiesce

reluctant or unenthusiastic compliance, consent, or agreement

indolent

lazy; disinclined to work

remonstrate

argue in protest or opposition

condescending

a manner that treats others as inferiors

What inspired Mary Shelley to write the story of Frankenstein?

A ghost story writing contest

To whom does Robert Walton write his letters?

His sister

What does Walton hope to do on his journey?

Discover something great

Why is Walton complaining?

Because he is lonely

Who takes over the narrative after Walton is finished?

The stranger on the ship

How do Elizabeth Lavenza and Victor Frankenstein meet in the original (1818) version of the text?

They are cousins.

How do Elizabeth Lavenza and Victor Frankenstein meet in the revised (1831) version of the text?

She is adopted by his mother.

What does Victor’s mother Caroline hope will happen to Elizabeth and Victor?

They will fall in love and be married.

What subject influences Victor as a teenager?

Occult sciences

What major discovery drastically alters Victor’s understanding of the world?

Electricity

What happens to Victor’s mother right before he leaves for the university?

She catches scarlet fever and dies.

What is Victor secretly working on?

Building a living human-like creature

What happens when Victor brings his creation to life?

He is terrified by its appearance.

What does Victor dream about after waking the creature?

His mother's dead body

What does Victor’s friend Henry Clerval do for him?

Take care of Victor during his illness

What happens when Victor takes Henry to the university?

Talk of the sciences aggravates Victor's illness.

What event prompts Victor to head back to Geneva before he planned?

His brother's murder