Industrial Revolution
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72 Terms
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
england
what 2 places did the industrial revolution spread to?
western Europe and America
define industrialization
when you replace human power with machine power
define enclosure movement
when farmers started fencing their land and buying it from poorer farmers.
increased food production meant there were less what?
farmers
why were unemployed farmers useful in the cities?
they were a cheap source of labour
England has ? natural resources
abundant
Who invented the Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves
what did the spinning jenny make faster
thread
who invented the steam enginge
James Watt
what industry did the factory system replace
cottage industry
What did workers use in factories to produce large amounts of goods?
machines
Where did much of England’s cotton come from
american south
who invented the cotton gin
eli whitney
what was the effect of the cotton gin on slavery in the us
it increased the demand of slaves
what 2 forms of transportation used the steam engine
train and boat
what was the name of the process that made cheap and strong steel
Bessemer process
who invented the smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
who discovered bacteria
louis Pasteur
what effect did the industrial revolution have on city population
the population increased
what happened to the standard of living for many in the industrial revolution
people started making more money
what happened to travel time during the industrial revolution
they improved
as child labor ended at the conclusion of the industrial revolution what did children do instead
go to school and get an education
what class of people saw their numbers increase during the industrial revolution
middle class
what type of pollution increased during the industrial revolution
air pollution
how did factory workers feel at the beginning of the industrial revolution
not excited
what was the name of growth in the cities that occurred during the industrial revolution
urbanization
what were agricultural economies based on
family
the industrial revolution placed new demands on the what of people
labor
what did workers organize to improve working conditions and worker’s rights?
labor unions
what displaced the cottage industries
the factory system
what three things did the workers face in the factories and mines during the industrial revolutions
heat, long hours and loss of limbs
many workers were forced to work where
company towns
how much did children earn on average for a day of working
40 cents to a dollar
what happened to slavery in the 1800s in most industrialized nations
it was outlawed
what legally ended slavery in the us
the 13th amendment
what expanded with the reform of child labor at the end of the industrial revolution
education
what is suffrage
the right to vote
what did women have to do to gain the right to vote
protest and lobby
who is the champion of women and worker’s rights?
Susan b Anthony
which amendment made woman suffrage legal in the us at 1920
19th amendment
what did labor unions demand
worker’s rights and collective bargaining
how did the government and business often respond to strikers
violently
what did unions lobby for
laws that improved their life
what is an example of violence that often broke out between workers and the government
great railroad strike of 1877
what economic system is based on private ownership on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit
capitalism
who is the father of capitalism
adam smith
what book did the father of capitalism write
the wealth of nations
what does “the wealth of nations” argue?
that capitalistic countries are wealthier than those who are not
what did “the wealth of nations” say businesses should do to gain customer’s money
they should compete
what are business able to provide?
better goods and services that are less expensive
what does laissez faire mean
hands off
does the government interfere in the economics of a capitalistic country?
no
who determines the price in capitalism
the consumer and the business owner
capitalism had the positive effect that competition led to what?
progress
what fueled the industrial revolution
capitalism
what did some people see in increase in capitalistic nations?
wealth
many poor workers were what?
dissatisfied with their working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth
what is socialism
an equal distribution that helps the majority of the people, not just the rich
Who was an Irish politician, suffragist and socialist who fought for Irish Independence
countess Markievicz
what does the government in socialism
regulate the economy
what does the government provide and run in socialism
social programs that protect and provide for citizens
socialism is what economic system?
a mixed economic system
define communism
an economic structure that gives the same thing to everyone and is controlled by the government
who are the fathers of communism
Karl Max and Friedrich Engels
what two books are associated with communism that Karl max and Friedrich Engels wrote?
Das Kapital and the communist manifesto
what was communism a reaction to?
the injustices of the industrial revolution and capitalism
what did the industrial revolution intensify
class struggle
in communist theory, what were the have-nots called
proletariat
what were workers told they needed to do to redistribute wealth in communism
violently overthrow the rich
under communism what should cease to exist
rich and poor
what government shows that communism does not get rid of the rich and poor
ussr