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Altered State of Consciousness

any state of consciousness that is distinctly different from normal waking consciousness or any waking state in terms of level of awareness and experience

Blood alcohol concentration

measure of alcohol in the body expressed as grams of alcohol/100 mL of blood

Consciousness

awareness of something either internal or external to oneself, including objects and events in the external world, and of our sensations, mental experiences and own existence at any given moment

Continuum of awareness

in relation to consciousness, a spectrum or scale with total awareness and complete lack of awareness at the two extremities, and other states of awareness (or consciousness) in between

Electroencephalography (EEG)

a method of studying brain wave patterns by detecting, amplifying and recording electrical activity of the brain

Electromyography (EMG)

a method of studying the activity of muscles during sleep by detecting, amplifying and recording the electrical activity of the muscles

Electro-oculargraphy (EOG)

a method of measuring eye movements or eye positions during sleep by detecting, amplifying and recording electrical activity in muscles that control eye movements

Normal waking consciousness

state of consciousness associated with being awake and aware of objects and events in the external world, and of one's sensations, mental experiences and own existence

Objective

not subject to personal opinion or interpretation

Psychological construct

a concept, description or explanatory model that describes specific psychological activity or a pattern of associated activities or processes

Sleep diary

a self-report record of an individual's sleep and waking time activities

State of consciousness

level of awareness of objects and events in the external world, and of our sensations, mental experiences and own existence at any given moment

Subjective

subject to personal opinion or interpretation

Video monitoring

most commonly used in the study of sleep and sleep disturbances or disorders. Cameras are used to record externally observable physiological responses

Biological rhythm

a naturally occurring cycle of physiological, psychological or behavioural changes; see circadian rhythm and ultradian rhythm

Circadian rhythm

a biological rhythm involving physiological, psychological or behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle with a duration of about 24 hours

Hypnogram

a sleep graph typically showing sleep types and stages in relation to time

Melatonin

a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in relation to the amount of light that is detected; influences alertness and drowsiness and timing of the sleep-wake cycle; a higher level is associated with greater drowsiness and vice versa

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep with three stages involving increasingly deeper sleep

REM sleep

sleep during which the eyeballs rapidly move beneath closed eyelids; constitutes about 20-25% of a typical night's sleep and is the period in which most dreaming occurs

Sleep

a regularly occurring altered state of consciousness that typically occurs naturally and is primarily characterised by partial or total suspension of conscious awareness

Sleep-wake cycle

a daily, naturally occurring 24-hour circadian rhythm of sleep and wake states regulated by a biological clock

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

an area of the brain’s hypothalamus that regulates the timing and activity of the sleep–wake cycle (and other biological rhythms); see also biological clock

Ultradian rhythm

changes in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of a cycle shorter than 24 hours

Amplified emotional responses

emotional reactions that may be too quick and more intense or exaggerated, often out of proportion to how we would ordinarily react, often as a result of sleep deprivation

Bright light therapy

a technique for treating circadian rhythm phase disorders that uses timed exposure to light with the aim of shifting an individual's sleep-wake cycle to a desired, more appropriate or conventional schedule

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

a sleep disorder involving sleep disturbance that is primarily due to a mismatch between an individual's sleep-wake pattern and the pattern that is desired or required

Microsleep

a very short period of involuntary sleep that occurs while a person appears to be awake

Partial sleep deprivation

having less sleep (either quantity or quality) than what is normally required

Sleep debt

the accumulated amount of sleep loss due to insufficient sleep

Sleep deprivation

inadequate quantity or quality of sleep

Sleep disorder

any sleep disturbance that is persistent and regularly disrupts sleep, causing distress or impairment in important areas of everyday life during normal waking hours

Sleep disturbance

any sleep-related problem that disrupts an individual's normal sleep-wake cycle

Sleep hygiene

practices that tend to improve and maintain good sleep and full daytime alertness

Sleep inertia

a temporary period of reduced alertness and performance impairment that occurs immediately after awakening, especially after a poor night's sleep and if abruptly awakened

Total sleep deprivation

not having any sleep at all over a short-term or long-term period

Biological clock

innate timing that regulates one or more biological rhythms; see also suprachiasmatic nucleus

Sleep onset

the transition period from being awake to being asleep

Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

a condition in which the major sleep episode is delayed in relation to the desired sleep time or what is considered a conventional time

Advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD)

a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a shift of the major sleep episode to an earlier time compared to desired or conventional sleep times, resulting in sleep onset and awakening much earlier than desired and excessive sleepiness

Shift work disorder

a circadian rhythm sleep disorder due to work shifts being regularly scheduled during the usual sleep period; work shifts overlap with all or part of the sleep period, requiring adjustment of sleep and wake times to the work times

Entrainment

process of adjusting or resetting a biological rhythm to align with external cues or an environmental cycle

Zeitgeber

an environmental time cue

Affective functioning

can be impacted by sleep deprivation. Emotional control or responsiveness. Eg: amplified emotional responses,

mood swings, irritability

Behavioural functioning

can be impacted by sleep deprivation. Impaired actions and reactions. Eg: hand-eye coordination inability to perform routine tasks, increased risk taking

Cognitive functioning

can be impacted by sleep deprivation. Thinking, knowledge, and problem-solving. Eg: impaired concentration, poor performance on memory tasks

Blue light

typically used to refer to light emitted from electronic devices

Daylight

the natural light of the day

Sleep quality

how well we feel we have slept. A subjective characteristic and is often determined by whether a person wakes up feeling rested

Sleep quantity

the amount of sleep obtained. Measured objectively using time

NREM Stage 1

relatively light sleep with a low arousal threshold. Slow rolling eye movements and hypnic jerks occur

NREM Stage 2

Light to moderate sleep with a relatively low arousal threshold in the first half. Sleep spindles may be present in brainwave patterns and eye movements cease

NREM Stage 3

Deep sleep with a high arousal threshold, also known as slow wave or delta sleep. Heart rate, breathing, and muscle activity reach their lowest levels