AP Biology Unit 1 Test

covalent

sharing of electrons

ionic

transferring of electrons

nucleus

consists of protons and neutrons

atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

polar and nonpolar

what are the two types of covalent bonds?

polar

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons

Electronegativity

attraction an atom has for an electron

Polarity and hydrogen bonds

what causes water's unique properties?

electron's aren't shared so it is an attraction

why is hydrogen bond not a true bond?

hydrogen bonds

weak attraction between highly electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom taking part in separate polar covalent bonds

Van der Waals interactions

attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

Nonpolar

the bond between carbon and hydrogen is ______________

cohesion, ability to moderate temperature, ice floats, and water is a solvent

what are the four properties of water?

Cohesion

like molecules ae attracted (resist separation)

surface tension

measure of how difficult it is to break surface of liquid

adhesion

the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind

capillary action

caused by both adhesion and cohesion

hydrophobic

water hating; away from water

hydrophilic

loves and is near water

specific heat

heat required to raise temperature of water

high specific heat

molecules move faster by absorbing heat

evaporative cooling

surface temperature of water decreases during vaporization

hydrogen bonds form a lattice during freezing

why is ice less dense than liquid water?

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

solute

the substance that is dissolved

nonpolar

water cannot dissolve anything __ ______

dissociation

atoms break off from molecules and form ions

acid

increases hydrogen ion concentration of solution pH 0-6

base

reduces hydrogen ion concentration of a solution pH 8-14

neutral

pH of 7

versatile- each carbon atom can form up to 4 covalent bonds

what is the bonding behavior of carbon?

monomers

molecules used as repeatable subunits to build larger molecules

polymers

large molecules that are built from chains of monomers

dehydration synthesis

cells build large molecules from smaller ones- an enzyme removes a hydroxyl group from one molecule and a hydrogen from another

monosaccharides, glycosidic bonds

what are the monomers and bonds that connect carbohydrates?

fatty acids/glycerol, ester bonds

what are the monomers and bonds that connect lipids?

amino acids, peptide bonds

what are the monomers and bonds that connect proteins?

nucleotides, phosphodiester bonds

what are the monomers and bonds that connect nucleic acids?

hydrolysis

how cells split large molecules into smaller ones; enzyme attaches a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom; break covalent bond

functional groups

clusters of atoms on a molecule that give the molecule polarity or acidity; help determine behavior

1:2:1

what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

simple sugars used for energy source or structure; solution in water

Disaccharides

made of 2 monosaccharides joined together; remove water molecule

Polysaccharides

complex carbs since they contain many monomers

energy, storage, and structure

what are the three functions of monosaccharides?

glycogen, cellulose

where are simple sugars stored and what is their structure?

starch, chitin

where are glucose stored and what is their structure?

C6H12O6

what is the formula of glucose?

hydrogen bonds between water molecules are broken down by the heat, causing the temperature to rise

How do hydrogen bonds contribute to water's high specific heat?

water has a partial positive and partial negative charge which allows it to attract and dissolve other polar molecules and ions

why is water such a fine solvent?

lipids

function as long term energy storage and structural foundation of cell membranes

- insoluble in water

fatty acids

simple organic compounds with a carboxyl group joined to a backbone of 4-36 carbon atoms

hydrophobic

are hydrocarbon tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

is the carboxyl group head hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

saturated fatty acids

single bonds within the hydrocarbon tails; solid at room temperature; more flexible tails

unsaturated fatty acids

contains 1 or more double bonds in the carbon chains; liquid at room temperature; less flexible tails

other molecules

carboxyl group of a fatty acid forms bonds with...

fats

lipids with one, two, or three fatty acids bonded to glycerol via carboxyl groups

triglyceride

3 fatty acids and glycerol

phospholipid

2 fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate group; found in cell membrane

wax

varied mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails

steroids

rigid backbone of 4 carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

protein

macromolecules essential for structural support, enzymatic catalysis, transportation, and nutrition

amino acids

contain an amine group, carboxyl group, and variable (R) group

R group

what gives the amino acid its properties?

polypeptides

linear chain of amino acids

peptide bonds

between amine groups of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another

primary structure

sequence of amino acids held together by polypeptide bonds

secondary structure

hydrogen bonds form within backbone; oxygen of carboxyl group and hydrogen of amino group

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

what two shapes are caused by hydrogen bonds in the secondary structure?

tertiary structure

interaction between R groups

difulside bridges

covalent bond between sulfer acids

quarternary structure

some proteins consist of two or more folded polypeptide chains in close association or covalently bonded together

denature

when a protein loses its shape and no longer functions correctly

DNA

polymer made of repeating units of nucleotides

phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous bases

what do nucleotides consist of ?

Hydrogen

what type of bonds hold nitrogen bases together?

Adenine and Guanine

what are the purines?

cytosine, uracil, and thymine

what are the pyrimidines?

purines contain 2 rings and pyrimidines contain 1 ring

how do purines and pyrimidines differ?

oxygen

what does RNA contain that DNA lacks?

nucleic acids

in a phosphorus limited environment production of which macromolecule is limited?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

what elements do lipids contain?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

what elements do carbohydrates contain?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

what elements do proteins contain?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

what elements do nucleic acids have?