DNA Nucleotide Metabolism and Gene Expression

These flashcards cover key concepts related to DNA nucleotide metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, gene expression, and the role of transcription factors in cellular function.

What are the main components of nucleotides used in DNA synthesis?

Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group (Pi), deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A, G).

What is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway also known as?

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway is also referred to as the Pentose shunt, Hexose monophosphate shunt, or Phosphogluconate pathway.

Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur in the cell?

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway occurs in the cytosol.

What does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway yield?

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway yields NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate, used in nucleotide biosynthesis.

What are the main functions of NADPH in the cell?

NADPH is used in cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and reduction of glutathione.

How does NADPH contribute to the immune response?

NADPH donates electrons to NADPH oxidase, producing superoxide (ROS) to kill bacteria or fungi.

What is the significance of the Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase enzyme in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

It is the rate-limiting step of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, converting glucose-6-phosphate to NADPH.

What role do transcription factors play in gene expression?

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene expression.

How does Vitamin D influence gene expression?

Vitamin D activates the Vitamin D receptor, which binds to response elements in DNA, modulating gene expression.

What is the relationship between signaling pathways and transcription factor activation?

Signaling pathways activate transcription factors, allowing them to bind to DNA and regulate transcription based on cellular signals.